Прием смыслового развития и целостного преобразования при переводе

Прием смыслового развития заключается в замене словарного соответствия при переводе контекстовым.

Если учесть, что все части речи делятся на три категории: предметы, процессы и признаки, то при переводе наблюдаются замены внутри каждой категории и между разными категориями. Для передачи содержания на другой язык часто не имеет значения, какой формой слова выражено это содержание. Предмет может быть заменен его признаком, процесс – предметом, признак – предметом и т.д.

Следовательно, суть этого часто используемого при переводе приема состоит в более углубленном смысловом толковании той или иной лексической единицы или словосочетания. Необходимо уточнять смысловое содержание высказывания, находить более конкретное и стилистически уместное контекстуальное решение.

Among these factors is pressure.

Если буквально перевести на русский язык, то:

Среди этих факторов есть давление.

Однако в таком варианте это предложение не имеет четкости, и после уточнения содержания предложения его можно перевести:

В число этих факторов входит давление.

В таком постепенном уточнении мысли, в поиске более точных и семантически более емких лексических единиц и состоит техника приема смыслового развития.

Под целостным преобразованием подразумевается преобразование внутренней формы, как отдельного оборота речи, так и всего предложения. Преобразование при этом осуществляется не по элементам, а целостно. Однако это не означает, что преобразование не имеет логико-семантической основы, потому что в противном случае изменение внутренней формы в процессе перевода может привести к нарушению его адекватности. Так, если по-русски при отправлении поезда в метро принято говорить: «Осторожно, двери закрываются!», то по-английски, согласно правилам грамматики, эту фразу можно было бы перевести так: “Careful! The doors are closed”. Между тем, в подобной ситуации принято говорить иначе:

Watch the doors, please.

Или: Keep clear of the doors.

Другой пример:

Ready, steady, go!

Правильным переводом будет:

Внимание, приготовиться, марш!

Это и будет, собственно говоря, адекватный ситуативный перевод.

Unit 6

CABLES. COAXIAL AND POLYTHENE CABLES.

It is a well-known fact that the basic technological element in communication is a transmission line and its main part is a cable.

The construction of a cable is comparatively simple. Mainly it consists of insulated conductors that form a metallic circuit. The conducting wires are made of metals. The space between central conducting wire and a concentric cylindrical conductor is filled with some dielectic material. It may be air, polythene, bakelite or some other.

The outer conductor of a cable is normally connected to Earth. In this construction high-frequency currents travel only on the surface of the conductor, since the solid inner part of it causes resistance to the flow of current. And resistance causes a drag eliminated by the coaxial construction of the cable. And that is the main advantage of a coaxial construction. But it also has disadvantages, and one of them is its comparatively high cost. The dimensions must be very accurate for the range of the frequencies to be carried. This property of coaxial cable makes its construction rather costly.

Nowadays a great number of coaxial cables of various length and different constructions are being produced and laid all over the world.

The main function of a coaxial cable is to transmit power from one element of a system to another with minimum energy loss. It may be, for example, used in the aerial of a radio system. From the aerial, as we know, energy is transmitted into, or received from, space, or the atmosphere.

The properties of cables are being constantly improved. One of the popular ways of improving their properties is the use of polythene as an insulating material.

Polythene is thermoplastic insulating material mostly used in cases where a chemically-resistant plastic material is needed.

Polythene cables belong to the type of cables widely used in transmitting electrical energy from area to area, since polythene is the popular and highly useful insulating material of today.

Polythene cables are known to have a number of advantages: they may be used for both a conductor insulation and a sheath, which makes them one of the most usable substance in industry. There exist two main types of polythene cables: the one having polythene insulation for the conductors, and the other having paper insulation. To these belong lead-sheathed paper-core cables. The number of pairs in different cables is also different. Of them the cables including 100 pairs and more have natural polythene sheaths.

Unlike lead-covered cables, polythene ones can be laid directly in the ground without ducts since they are corrosion-proof, while lead-sheathed cables are usually laid in asbestos-cement ducts since they can be easily corroded. Another advantage of polythene cables is that they can be used in much longer length than lead-covered ones.

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bakelite - название синтетической смолы

drag – торможение, сопротивление

dimension – размеры, величина

eliminate - устранять

corrode – ржаветь, разъедать

core – сердечник, комплект жил кабеля

duct – канал, труба

lead - свинец

sheath – оболочка, обшивка

ground – земля, заземление

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Objective Infinitive construction (Complex Object).

1. The engineers consider the cyclotron to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator. 2. We believe electrons in a synchrotron to travel on a circular orbit inside a narrow vacuum vessel. 3. The designers may expect the electrons to be injected into the vessel from a smaller linear accelerator. 4. They supposed the greater part of energy to be used for supplying plants in that region. 5. We saw the dimension of the body change under different temperature conditions. 6. Any student must know a voltmeter to be used for mea potential difference between any two points in a circuit. 7. Engineers think these cables to disturb the reception. 8. We thought superconductive materials to be produced in Kiev. 9. The designers assume the system operation to be improved as a result of some of its parts.

II. While translating indicate those sentences in which Complex Object is used.

1 .This is quite the wrong view to take. 2. Assume the base of the column to be furnished with angles on the flanges. 3. Rollers not only cause a reaction to act at right angles to the supporting surface but also serve the purpose of allowing structures to expand and contract with changes in temperature. 4. Outside and in, the modern store must offer an invitation to the passerby to enter and to spend.

III. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of "to have, to be".

1. The form of energy most required by us is technical energy. 2. There are four factors to consider in the design of this reflector. 3. This gigantic plan is to be completed in the short period of five years. 4. The open end of the tube is connected to the apparatus the pressure within which is to be measured. 5. An electromagnet or temporal magnet is one in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current.

IV. Point out which of the sentences "to have, to be" are used as Modal Verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Draglines are operated where excavation has to be carried out at some distance from the machine. 2. Many basic principles are still to be established. 3. The time is nearing when international agreements will be drafted to govern the design and operation of nuclear vessels. 4. If practical answers are to be found and the factor of safety is to be put on a firm calculable basis a large number of complicated problems will have to be solved. 5. Care should be used to obtain amount of light in buildings in which men are to work. 6. The drawings show how the materials are to be incorporated into the structure; the specifications state the quality and the methods, which are to be employed.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

V. Translate the following stable expressions into Russian.

VI. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the words in bold type.

1. The use of light metals in industry will amount to a higher and higher per cent. 2. There is a great amount of titanium in the Urals. 3. A square thing does not fit into a round hole. 4. The Earth round once in one day and one night. 5. There is a bus stop round the corner. 6. In order to come to the station you must round the corner. 7. The Earth makes its yearly round in 365 or 366 days.

VII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the words in bold type.

1. Television is an important means of communication. 2. This fact means that the number of radio stations in our country will increase. 3. All technical means will be perfect in future. 4. A number of modem houses will be constructed in this region. 5. The instrument cabin of a spaceship houses various transmitters, power sources and other equipment. 6. This system houses all technological and auxiliary services. 7. The obtained result is of great practical importance for the development of these systems. 8. The application of powerful outer space relays result in better communication. 9. Engineers achieved great results in constructing semiconductor devices. 10. The application of semiconductor devices results in better operation of this equipment. 11. The total number of power stations in the world is growing constantly. 12. All the devices of this laboratory total about two hundred.

VIII. Translate the following word combinations into Russian

1. space communication; 2. space communication system; 3. long-range space communication system; 4 the production growth; 5. communication channels; 6. long-range communication channels. 7. long-range communication channels improvement; 8. the radio station network; 9. outer-space relays; 10. the outer-space relays application; 11. the outer-space relays improvement; 12. radio engineering purposes; 13. high voltage transmission lines.

IX. Arrange the following words to the similar meanings

to grow, to house, powerful, total, to contain

a mean, artificial, a way, to use, great, to increase, amount, to apply, man-made

X. Translate the following words with the prefix re- and make up the sentences with them.

re-form v, renew v, re-radiate v, readjust v, reuse v, re-entry n

XI. Translate the following text.

Cable laying

The process of laying cables is known as “long-length cabling”. Cables may be laid directly in the ground or put into ducts already laid. Cables laid directly in the ground must always have some protection against corrosion. Faulty cable must be taken out and inspected.

The cost of direct laying is rather low but laying of this kind has a disadvantage: directly laid cables cannot be taken out. In cities it is not possible to use direct laying and cables must be put in ducts. In tunnels and subways cables are usually put on walls. In cold weather cables must be kept warm or warmed before laying. No cable should be laid when the temperature is low because of the possible damage to the paper core. If a cable is faulty or if it is corroded, it stops operating or operates badly.

Most common faults in cables are a break, a short, and a contact between conductors in a multi-wire system. Naturally, different combinations of these faults are also possible. Faulty cables are taken out and replaced by new ones.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES