Перевод заголовка

Перевод заголовка можно выделить в отдельный этап, чтобы подчеркнуть важность и своеобразный характер этой работы.

В художественной литературе заголовок не всегда несет достаточную информацию о содержании произведения. Назначение заголовка в научно-технической литературе совсем другое. Основными чертами заголовков технических статей является особый стиль, выразительная форма. Часто заголовок переводят после чтения или перевода текста с учетом всех особенностей содержания оригинала. И это естественно, так как из переводов заголовков статей, патентов, книг и т. д. составляются библиографические указатели, картотеки, каталоги, справочники, помогающие специалистам отобрать для практического использования материалы совершенно определенного содержания.

Заголовки англо-американских технических статей представляют известные трудности для перевода.

Основными чертами заголовков являются: особый стиль, яркая, броская форма, в которой они преподносятся читателю, и экспрессивность лексических и грамматических средств.

Для заголовков, как правило, характерна предельно сжатая форма изложения. В них могут быть опущены вспомогательные глаголы, глагол-сказуемое, союзы, артикли. В заголовках употребляются сокращения и сложносокращенные слова. Тем не менее, заголовки научно-технических статей, как правило, дают понятие об основном содержании статьи. Например:

Miracle Hi-Fi Speaker

Удивительный коротковолновый громкоговоритель

В этом заголовке отсутствует артикль, употреблены сокращения Hi-Fi = High-frequency; вместо loudspeaker использована усечённая форма speaker.

Заголовки могут состоять из общего заголовка и одного или более подзаголовков. В том случае, когда общий заголовок достаточно раскрывает содержание текста, необходимо перевести подзаголовок или прочитать весь текст, а потом перевести заголовок. В этом случае важную роль играет контекст. Например:

From Confidence to Pressure

Debts as a Component of Ukrainian-Russian Relationship Still to be Settled

Перевод заголовка: «От доверия до давления» — не раскры­вает содержания статьи, а перевод подзаголовка: «Выясняются долги как составная часть украинско-российских отношений» дает представление об общем содержании статьи.

В современной английской и, главным образом, американс­кой технической литературе можно встретить следующие виды заголовков:

• Вопрос:

а) What's Coming for Light Weight Clay Blocks? Каковы перспективы развития легких керамических блоков.

б) Modernize? Стоит ли реконструировать (здания).

Заголовки вопросительного характера, как правило, пере­водятся на русский язык повествовательным предложением.

• Заявление:

а) Exhibition Halls of Underground. Сооружение подземных выставочных залов.

б) We Live in Old Swimming Pool New Ideals. Реконструкция старого плавательного бассейна.

• Восклицательные предложения.

а) Here's a Simple Way to Interpret Data! Найден простой способ расшифровки данных!

б) Rain off the Roof!

Отвод дождевых вод с крыши!

Восклицательные заголовки переводятся на русский язык восклицательными или повествовательными предложениями. Перевод заголовков делают в соответствии с принятыми в русской научной литературе стилем и нормами: ясность, крат­кость, никакой рекламы.

Unit 8

TELEVISION

Television broadcasting is similar to radio broadcasting except that it is considerably more complex than the radio-sound broadcasting system. The cause of it is that much more signal space – that is bandwidth – is necessary to carry the complex video signal together with the audio signal.

In a typical television system two separate transmitters are employed – one for sound channel and the other is for the picture channel. The sound transmitter is frequency modulated. It simultaneously transmits the sound and the image. The image is accompanied by the sound in the process of broadcasting and each of the transmitters is supplied with its own aerial. The image being televised is received by the television camera, which converts the optical image into electrical impulses. The camera includes an optical lens system similar to that used in a photographic camera, the image from which is projected into a camera tube. The camera tube includes a photosensitive mosaic which is scanned by an electron beam. The beam, in its turn, is housed in an evacuated glass tube. Usually the output signals of the camera tube are preamplified within the camera itself by the video or picture amplifier. After proper amplification, the video signal modulates the high-frequency carrier of the television transmitter and is radiated into space by the aerial. As for the picture carrier, it is amplitude-modulated.

Special signals are sent out by the television transmitter in addition to the picture impulses. They have the purpose of synchronizing the picture at the receiver with that being picked up by the camera.

At the television receiver, the picture and audio signals are picked up simultaneously by a single antenna. The voltages induces in the receiving antenna are fed into the radio-frequency stage of the receiver; and the picture and sound carriers are converted by super heterodyne conversion method into two separate intermediate frequency signals. One signal corresponds to the sound carrier and the other – to the video or picture carrier, so two separate intermediate frequency amplifier channels are employed.

The sound intermediate frequency signal is demodulated by a detector. After proper amplification by the audio amplifier, the sound signal is reproduced by the loudspeaker in the usual way. The picture intermediate frequency signal is amplified by several stages having wide-band frequency characteristics and is then fed into the video (picture) detector, where the intermediate frequency signal is then demodulated in the same way as the ordinary sound receiver. The video signal which appears in the output of the detector is then amplified in a video amplifier, which corresponds to the audio amplifier in a sound receiver, except that it must pass a much wider range of frequencies.

In place of the loud-speaker used in the sound system, a device is used which converts the varying amplitude of the video signals into corresponding variations of light.

__________________________

To house – вмещать

Band of frequencies – полоса частот

Evacuated space – разреженное пространство

Bandwidth - полоса (частот); полоса пропускания (в системах связи - разность между максимальной и минимальной частотой в заданном диапазоне)

voltages inducer – индуктор напряжения

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Form Perfect Participles Active and Passive.

Model: to accept — having accepted; having been accepted

to choose, to move, to complete, to divide, to convert, to raise, to design, to investigate.

II. Define the functions of the Participle I and translate the sentences.

1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions. 2. Part of signal travelling along the ground is called the .ground wave. 3. The ionosphere has tile property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground. 4. Bending radio waves changes the direction of the wave. 5. Obtaining new data on the waves travelling was necessary for future investigations. 6. Without using superconducting materials it was impossible to perfect this system operation. 7. Building a network of transmitting stations in that region was of prime importance. 8. The transmitter operating on the low frequencies was constructed by these students. 9. The scientist’s main task was studying ionospheric conditions.

III. Name the forms of the Participle, define their functions and translate the sentences.

1. Having lost the address of her cousin's new flat, she couldn't come to see her. 2. The site having been chosen, many houses are being built there. 3 He lost his way and not knowing English he couldn't get to Capitol Hill. 4. He got to Capitopi Hill having changed a tram for a bus. 5. Asked in English transmitting he couldn't answer anything. 6. The site of the city was chosen by G. Washington and was accepted by Congress in the act of 1790, establishing the Federal District of Columbia.

IV. Define the functions of the Participle I in Passive and translate the sentences.

1. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism. 2. The new measuring instrument being developed in this laboratory will be tested by that engineer. 3 The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak. 4. New data being obtained are necessary for nature investigations. 5. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions. 6. The new receiver being tested will be used in this system. 7. Being equipped with modem instruments the laboratory carried out important experiments.

V. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Participle II.

1. The operation of the receiving station influenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers. 2. The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by-Faraday was a very important scientific discovery. 3. The work of Rutherford followed by great help for understanding many natural phenomena. 4. Gagarin's first space flight followed by many others was very important for the development astronautics. 5. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon by: electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field. 6. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated. 7. The dimensions of the body referred to in that textbook will be used in our experiment.

VI. Translate the following text in written form and define the Participle II.

CONTROL SYSTEM

Electronics is being used more and more to control industrial processes, particularly where the speed of a motor has to be accurately controlled. One big advantage is that valves, unlike relays, have no moving parts, no contacts to shatter or bum, and practically no inertia, I and their speed of operations very much greater. Two special types of valves, known as "thyrotrons" and "ignitrons" are generally used for motor control.

VII. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of the Participle II.

1. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak. 2. The antenna receives only a small part of energy radiated by the transmitter. 3. Negatively charged ions are attracted to the anode, positively charged ions are attracted to the cathode. 4. The results obtained are of great importance. 5. The constructed transmitter operated on I various frequencies. 6. If arranged according to their atomic weights, elements show the periodicity of their properties. 7. When heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism. 8. When produced in one tube, minimum grid voltage is produced in the other tube. 9. Placed in a different surrounding medium the device operates differently.

VIII. Define the functions of "it" and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. To locate target on the surface of the sea or on the ground, it is necessary to determine not only in which direction it lies, but also how far away it is. 2. It does not mean that in all the applications of induction heating only the surface of the body is heated. 3. A new science, radio astronomy has emerged it is very closely allied to astronomy, astrophysics and physics. 4. There are no new radio techniques for investigating comets directly, but their close relation to meteors makes it desirable to describe their main features. 5. It is the gas turbine aeroengine, which has been responsible for the revolution in aircraft. 6. The sailors found it difficult to wash off this ash and soon after they were suffering from the first symptoms of radiation sickness. 7. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. 8. It is very easy to receive a fatal chock when working on the transmitter final stage, particularly when neutralizing it. 9. It is these experiments that led to a discovery of neutron and X-ray emission of great penetrability.

IX. Define the functions of "one " and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere at tension of one volt; therefore watts equal volts time amperes. 2. When one talks over a telephone, it is not the sound of the voice that travels over the wire, it is an electric current. 3. When put together in a molecule, these tiny fragments do not form a rigid structure, but one that can vibrate, rotate and perform other relative motions about its centre of mass. 4. From of this experiment it is clear that there devices are low power ones. 5. One would like to know, for example, that the effect of the ambient atmosphere is on the slow-state density and energy distribution. 6. The relative motion of one tooth upon the other should be more of a rolling than of a sliding nature. 7. The turn indicator and the ball-bank indicator were constructed in one housing to provide a more efficient instrument for flight. 8. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is flying. 9. One should know that geometry treats of the properties, construction, and measurements of lines, surfaces, and solids.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

X. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the word "provide" (снабжать, поставлять) as the verb and "provided" (при условии, если только) as the conjunction.

1. Solar batteries provided much energy for this system operation. 2. A sell supplies electric energy provided its electrodes are different materials. 3. The electrical properties of germanium may be changed, provided germanium is exposed to light. 4. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. 5. These experiments provided necessary data for studying this phenomenon. 6. Provided the laboratory is equipped with up-to-date instruments we shall be able to carry out the important scientific researches. 7. A direct current flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit.

XI. Translate the following words with the prefixes: semi-, trans-, non-.

semiconductor n non-conductor n transatlantic

semicircle n non-essential adj transoceanic adj

semimonocoque adj non-standard adj transcontinental alj

semiautomatic adj nondurable adj

XII. Translate the following word combinations and make up the sentences using them.

Industrial purposes, the application of electrical energy, the invention of electronic devices, considerably enlarged, has, it possible to solve, currents, the problem of obtaining high-frequency, are the basis, of radioengineering, television, and other branches, of modem engineering.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES