Перевод технической документации

Как было отмечено ранее, к технической литературе относятся следующие виды текстов:

а) собственно научно-техническая литература, т. е. монографии, сборники и статьи по различным проблемам технических наук;

б) учебная литература по техническим наукам (учебники, руководства, справочники и т. п.);

в) научно-популярная литература по различным отраслям техники;

г) техническая и товаросопроводительная документация;

д) техническая реклама.

При переводе научно-технической литературы важное мес­то занимает перевод технической документации и рекламы.

В понятие технической документации входит несколько ос­новных видов документов.

1. Собственно техническая документация: паспорта, фор­муляры, технические описания, инструкции по эксплуатации и ремонту и пр.

2. Товаросопроводительная документация: накладные, упа­ковочные талоны, комплектовки и пр.

3. Проектная документация: проекты, расчеты, чертежи и пр.

4. Материалы рекламного и полурекламного характера: рек­ламные объявления, фирменные каталоги, проспекты и пр.

Перевод текстов такого типа представляет собой значитель­ные трудности: все эти документы; как правило, характеризу­ются большой лаконичностью, краткостью, отсутствием развер­нутых объяснений. Переводчику часто приходится иметь дело с переводом специальной терминологии, употребляемой вне вся­кого контекста или в недостаточно развернутом контексте, на­пример, при переводе спецификаций, списков деталей и запас­ных частей, схем, чертежей и др.

При переводе такого рода материалов особенно важно со­блюдать принцип унификации терминологии, не допускать раз­нобоя в наименовании тех или иных деталей и устройств.

Работая над техническими документами следует обращать особое внимание на правильное и аккуратное оформление пе­ревода, на последовательность нумерации рисунков, чертежей, таблиц и т. д. Стараться не допускать вольностей, по возможнос­ти реже прибегать к описательному переводу. Нужно стремить­ся к употреблению стандартных обозначений. Это относится не только к терминам в узком смысле слова, но и к устойчивым выражениям, типичным для языка технических документов. На­пример, found fit for service — признан годным к эксплуатации; the guarantee period is reduced accordingly — гарантийный срок соответственно сокращается, и др.

Unit 12

MOBILE PHONES

A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular telephone, or cell phone) is an electronic device used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area. Mobile phones are different from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within a limited range of a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office. A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. In addition to functioning as a telephone, a modern mobile phone typically supports additional services such as SMS (or text) messaging, MMS, e-mail and Internet access; short-range wireless (infrared or Bluetooth) communications; as well as business and gaming applications, and photography. Mobile phones that offer advanced computing abilities are referred to as smartphones.

The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kg. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the last 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are: a battery, typically rechargeable, providing the power source for the phone functions, an input mechanism and display to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high-end smartphones. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony, as well as functions such as playing music and taking photos, and sometimes simple applications based on generic managed platforms such as Java ME or BREW. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications became known as smartphones. The first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today.Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.

Other features that may be found on mobile phones include GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarms, memo recording, personal digital assistant functions, ability to watch streaming video, video download, video calling, built-in cameras (1.0+ Mpx) and camcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT, memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following sentences with emphatic inversion.

1. It is the program that ensures the execution of all operations assigned to the computer. 2. It is the programmist that is the connecting link between the computer and the problem it has to solve. 3. It was not until the 20^lh century that electronic computers were constructed and put into operation. 4. It was 50 years ago, when the first relay machine capable of adding two 23-digit numbers in 0,3 sec was completed.

II. Change the following sentences using the inversion and translate them into Russian.

Patterns: A. If I were in your place, I should do this work myself.

Were I in your place, I should do this work myself.

B. If he had known the subject better, he wouldn't have failed in his exam. Had he known the subject better, he wouldn't have failed in his exam.

1. If it were necessary to increase the speed of this particular engine, it could be achieved by using a special device. 2. If the road had been better, we should have been here in due time. 3. If the engineer had been informed of the results before, he would have allowed you to repeat the test. 4. If we had used new methods, we should have saved much time. 5. The plan would not have been fulfilled in time if the people had not worked with such energy. 6. If the oil supply had stopped even for a moment, serious damage might have resulted. 7. If the mechanic were there, he would repair the equipment. 8. If the air within the cylinder were motion less, only a small proportion of the fuel would find enough oxygen. 9. If the book on that subject were available in our library, I should be able to make a good report. 10. If he had all the necessary materials, he would accomplish his model in time.

III. Translate the following sentences with the inversion.

1. Discussed in this chapter are some of the general characteristics inherent to semiconductors. 2. Included in this section is a description of a typical airborne liquid oxygen system. 3. Shown on the photo is the equipment available at many airports to start piston-engined aircraft. 4. Described in this book are all the rockets space-probing craft including the sputniks. 5. Associated with each electron is a wave, which is propagated in the direction of the motion of the electron.

IV. Translate the following sentences with the construction "have+noun+participle ".

1. Machines of many types have their operation controlled by a computer. 2. A colliding molecule may have an atom or two knocked out of it. 3. The theory of atomic structure developed by Bohr has the electrons distributed around the nucleus in shells (orbits). 4. The large air-cooled engines have the cylinders arranged radically. 5. An atom which has one or more of its electrons raised to a higher than normal energy level is said to be in an excited state. 6. Current transformers are step-up transformers having their primaries connected in series with one line and their secondaries connected to the ammeter terminals.

V. Translate the text in written form.

Nokia and the University of Cambridge demonstrated a bendable cell phone called the Morph. Some phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if the phone and point of sale support Near Field Communication (NFC). Some of the largest mobile phone manufacturers and network providers along with many retail merchants support, or plan to support, contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones.

VI. Read and write the following numbers.

102; in 1774; 1/5; 0.8; 0.55; 5.32; 2.79; 8/9; 1/2; 1/4; 18/21; 3000; 6,275; 8,356,472

LEXICAL EXERCISES

VII. Arrange the following words according to

A opposite meaning: inside, low, strong, vast, outside, narrow, high, weak, many, enhance, few, reduce.

В similar meaning: tremendous, predominance, use, various, a great number of, different, advantage, satellite, great, sputnik, application, of late, powerful, recently, a lot of, strong; to detect, to decrease, to reduce, to spread, to regist, to propagate, to investigate, to extend, to record, to study, to increase, to catch.

VIII. Form the words using the following suffixes and translate them.

Adjectives: A -ic: atom, electron, magnet, cosm(os), realist

-al: univers(e), cultur(e), spectr(um), electric

-ive: to attract, to great(e), decis(ion), to conduct, to act

-able: to vary, to change, to approach, to achiev(e), to suit, to compar(e)

-ible: to convert, compress, exhaust

-ful: success, doubt, use, wonder, peace, beauty

-less: help, doubt, change, home, meaning

-y: sun, hill, rain, wind

-ous: to continu(e), to vary, danger

Adverbs: В -ly: extreme, initial, perfect, final, excelent, rough, instant, swift, equal, simultaneous, comparative, exact, large, hard, high, short

IX. Give Russian equivalents to the international words and "pseudo friends" of the translator.

Director, gymnasium, medal, pedagogical, master, commission, congress, professor, technological, bureau, contribution, container, nation, periodic, element, principle, inorganic, combination; alcohol, aqua, specific (gravity), physics, geophysics, patriot, energy, activity, progress, industry, thesis, general, generalization.

X. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

long-distance power transmission, radio transmitters, alternating current generators, wire cable, heat losses, power line, transmission line, at the city end, a high-class receiver, high-quality reception, ultrahigh frequencies, high-frequency loudspeaker, high-fidelity acoustical system, high and low tones.

XI. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the words in the bold type.

1. load

a) The lorries were loaded mechanically. b) The load weighs a hundred kilograms. c) They loaded us with work.

2. oil

a) Every machine needs oiling. b) Water is heavier than oil. c) What sort of oil is there at this service station?

3. fuel

a) What kind of fuel is used in these motor cars? b) We had to stop to fuel the car. c) This passenger car needs fuelling every 300 miles.

4. design

a) He is working on the design for a new machine. b) The architect is designing a new school. c) The icebreaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.

XII. Translate the following words combinations into Russian. 1. a reliable insulator; 2. to create reliable insulator; 3. artificial radioactivity; 4. artificial admixtures; 5. a fruitful discussion; 6. a fruitful cooperation; 7. to establish reliable contact; 8. to set the indicator to zero; 9. to set to required frequency; 10. to tune a radio-set to a low frequency; 11. to tune a receiver to the required frequency; 12. to contain a score of parts; 13. thin films; 14. the system control; 15. the computers control; 16. within this region; 17. within this voltage; 18. to achieve good results; 19. to achieve high reliability; 20. to find the difference in pressure; 21. to find unique properties.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES