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учебное пособие мезиной 2012

Полный письменный перевод

Этот вид перевода является основной формой из всех видов технического перевода. в форме полного письменного перевода обрабатывается вся практически используемая научно-техническая информация (патент, документация к оборудованию и т.п.).

Все остальные виды технического перевода являются производными формами полного письменного перевода, его сокращенными вариантами.

Процесс перевода:

  1. зрительное или слуховое восприятие на каком-либо языке с целью понимания;

  2. понимание и осмысленный анализ;

  3. воспроизведение на родной язык.

Последовательность работы:

Прежде чем приступить к воспроизведению (переводу) текста на родной язык, следует вспомнить о характерных ошибках:

а) стремление перевести все элементы предложения в той последовательности, в какой они представлены в тексте оригинала;

б) игнорирование контекста как средства установления значения того или иного слова, поиск значения каждого непонятного слова в словаре;

в) неправильный выбор значения слова в словаре до того, как прочитан весь текст;

г) недооценка роли языковой догадки, стремление перевести предложение до понимания общего содержания текста.

Целесообразно:

а) определить место группы подлежащего и сказуемого в предложении;

б) установить место определения;

в) начинать анализ предложения со сказуемого (по его дополнительному или модальному глаголу, грамматическому окончанию, наличию прямого дополнения и т.п.);

г) определить трудности лексического порядка (управление глаголов, отсутствие морфологических признаков, наличие большого количества слов).

После определения взаимосвязи слов и содержания предложения можно начинать дословный перевод, который передает содержание текста, но очень часто не соответствует нормам родного языка. Затем необходима определенная литературная обработка материала, однако она не обязательна, иногда можно ограничиться адекватным переводом, зная (учитывая) особенности технического перевода.

Unit 2

COMMUNICATION. NETWORK DEVELOPMENT

Communication is the process of exchanging information. People exchange information using communication means. Communication has always some purpose. Mass communication, for example, sends messages for masses of people.

The history of communication means is a long and interesting one.

Communication through electric media. At the beginning of the 19th century the electric revolution made great progress. By 1832 the telegraph had been invented. . Wires crossed the continents and cables were put under the Atlantic Ocean. Some 40 years later (in 1876) the telephone was patented. Messages began to be transmitted over electrical currents carried by wires.

"Early radio". At the beginning of the 20th century it became possible to transmit messages without wires. Messages were sent by wireless telegraph that is now called "early radio". But modern radio became possible only when a vacuum tube had been invented (1906). Soon after the invention of tubes, radio receivers began to be widely used in the world.

Television. Television was used experimentally as far as 1930. But its popular use began only some ten years later. And in about twenty years colour television became dominant over black-and-white.

Audio and video recordings are most popular means of communication today. Filming and photography are also popular.

High-technology revolution in electronics influenced the sphere of com­munication and greatly changed it. The new technology used for space ex­ploration influenced modern communication both in offices and home. It became possible for business people to communicate with their colleagues in faraway places.

Computers and word processors serve this purpose and are being widely used in many offices all over the world.

The new technology has also influenced communication in everyday life. For example, it became possible for people to receive television programs through cables. Modern cable is a complex wire system that makes it possi­ble to transmit a number of television signals al the same time.

People today also widely use videotape recorders to record television programs. One of the most interesting inventions of today is also the usage of satellites for video and audio communications. People can receive programs through using satellites.

Communication between information sources can be carried out through the combination of the sources into networks. Telephone and telegraph networks may serve as examples. Telex has been used for communication for a long time. Not long ago cable transmission has also become used for the same purpose. As for computer networking, it is also highly developed in every sphere of communication and is very popular locally and internationally.

Interconnection of exchange networks is carried out by the usage of telephone lines, microwave relays, and some other high-speed communication links. For people who have personal computers (PC) – and their number is growing – computer-to-computer communication has become very popular and is being developed throughout the world.

One can see from the data given above that the development of communication means has a long and interesting history. Historically, communication means moved from writing to printing, then to the telegraph, radio and television, and, finally, into the space communication and the usage of satellites.

_______________________

to carry out – исполнять

to connect – соединять

to develop – развивать, совершенствовать

to move – двигать(ся)

to equip- оборудовать

Current – ток

Wire – проволока, провод

Tube – электронная лампа

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

  1. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates in Passive. 1. The operation of a receiving station is influenced by a number of factors. 2. Magnetron is a vacuum tube whose current is affected by a magnetic field. 3. Valve radio sets were followed by the transistor radio sets. 4. The work of Rutherford was followed by great research work of many other scientists. 5. Cosmic radiation is influenced by some phenomena of nature. 6. The properties of these systems were spoken about. 7. New electronic devices are dealt with in this article. 8. The use of colour television is spoken about in the following article. 9. Solar batteries are dealt with in this new textbook.

  1. Choose the required verb and put it in necessary tense and voice.

To house, to make, to fill, to pay attention, to work out, to use.

1. It should be noted that the first house of glass and plastics (было разработано) by engineers of several institutes. 2. Its construction (было уделено) great attention to. 3 Everything in it (сделано) of glass and plastics. 4. The vacuum between inner and outer walls (заполняется) with excellent thermal and soundproof materials. 5. All the equipment (содержатся) in the technical chamber. 6. It can be said that plastics (будут использованы) in all branches of our industry.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

  1. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates depending on the meaning of Subject.

1. New methods were developed as a result of this experimental work. 2. Very high speed developed when the jet engines appeared. 3. New power plants without propellers were developed in order to drive airplanes at sonic and supersonic speeds. 4. In this chapter equations are developed for microscopic quantities. 5. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes only frequency and temperature limitations are met. 6. Several general requirements should be met to match transistor stages in an amplifier.

  1. Translate the terms (Participle I + noun) into Russian.

P attern: actuating mechanism

какой? механизм

Приводит в действие

Русский термин: приводной механизм.

1. influencing sphere; 2.actuating cylinder; 3. translating system; 4. halving circuit;

5. reacting region; 6. detecting element; 7. adding element; 8. alternating current.

  1. Form the Adjectives using suffixes and translate them into Russian.

-ic: period, metr(e), atmosphere(e)

-al: physic(s), natur(e), experiment, mathematic(s)

-able: valu(e), change, measure(e), compare(e)

-ant: import, resist

-ent: differ, insist

-ive: effect, act

-ful: help, wonder, use, power

-less: base, help, power, motion, weght.

GRAMMAR REFERENCES

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (THE PASSIVE VOICE) И ЕГО ПЕРЕВОД НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Грамматическая категория залога выражает разное напра вление действия по отношению к носителю действия. Носителем действия может быть лицо (предмет), которое выполняет действие (I send), и лицо (предмет), на которое направлено действие (I am sent). В английском языке глагол имеет две формы залога: действительный (The Active Voice) и страдательный (The Passive Voice).

Действительный залог означает, что действие выполняет лицо (предмет) — носитель действия: We ask ...

We receive many interesting letters.

Мы получаем много интересных писем.

Страдательный залог означает, что действие направлено на носителя действия: We are asked...

Many interesting letters are received. Получают много интересных писем.

Запомните!

Для того чтобы выразить действие, направленное на подлежащее (действие в страдательном залоге), после подлежащего необходимо поставить глагол to be в соответствующем времени и лице с причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II) основного глагола.

Am

Is +Participle II

are

Present Indefinite

Passive Voice

Was + Participle II

Were

Past Indefinite

Passive Voice

Shall be

Will be +Participle II

Future Indefinite

Passive Voice

Am

Is +being Participle II

are

Present Continuous

Passive Voice

Was + being Participle II

Were

Past Continuous

Passive Voice

Have

Has +been Participle II

Present Perfect

Passive Voice

Had +been Participle II

Past Perfect

Passive Voice

Следует отметить, что в предложениях страдательного за­лога исполнитель действия, как правило, неизвестен, однако там, где это необходимо, может быть уточнен временем и местом вы­полнения действия, а иногда исполнитель действия указан.

Художников встретили

The artists were met

in the museum

в музее

on the 9th of May

9 Мая

with a storm of applause

бурными аплодисментами

by a group of students

группа студентов

В современном английском языке исполнитель действия ука­зывается приблизительно в 20 % предлогом by.

This article was written by a journalist. Эта статья написана журналистом.

LEXICAL REFERENCES