Общая перестройка структуры предложения

Общая перестройка структуры предложения при переводе включает такие преобразования:

I — изменение порядка слов в предложении;

II — замена отдельных членов предложения при переводе;

III — перестройка структуры предложения (членение или объединение предложений).

I. Сравнивая грамматическую структуру предложения в ори­гинале и в переводе, мы можем видеть две закономерности:

1. Структура английского предложения не изменяется при переводе:

Computers play an important role in our life.

Компьютеры играют важную роль в нашей жизни.

В этом предложении каждое слово переводится последовательно, и грамматическая структура английского предложения остается аналогичной и в русском предложении.

2. Структура английского предложения полностью или частично изменяется при переводе:

The low temperature physics deals with various, phenomena, which take place at the temperature close to absolute zero.

Физика низких температур изучает paзличные явле­ния, которые происходят при температуре, близкой к абсолютному нулю.

Любое изменение порядка слов предложения при переводе считается изменением структуры предложения, как видно на примере.

II. Рассмотрим другой случай перестройки предложения при переводе.

Некоторые английские грамматические формы и конструк­ции (например, перфектные времена, модальное слово + пер­фектный инфинитив, герундий, артикли, формальные подлежа­щее it и др.) отсутствуют в русском языке, поэтому используется замена членов предложения или словосочетаний.

Очень часто вместо страдательного залога употребляют действи­тельный залог, при этом сущность информации не изменяется.

These new methods of work must be used in all branches of our industry.

Все отрасли нашей промышленности должны исполь­зовать эти новые методы работы.

В этом предложении вместо страдательного залога употреб­ляется действительный залог.

Electrons forming an atom are in motion.

Электроны, которые образуют атом, находятся в движении.

В этом предложении причастие можно перевести придаточ­ным определительным предложением.

III. Для адекватного перевода часто необходимо преобразо­вать одно предложение в несколько предложений или заменить простое предложение сложным. Такой прием называется чле­нением предложений. Иногда возникает необходимость объеди­нить два простых предложения в одно сложное. Необходимость членения английских предложений вызывает различия в смыс­ловой и грамматической структуре английского и русского язы­ков. Наиболее простым примером такого членения является пе­ревод синтаксических конструкций.

The scientists believe to have discovered a new compound.

Ученые полагают, что они открыли новое соединение.

They acknowledged the reaction to be exothermic.

Они признали, что эта реакция экзотермическая.

Объединение предложений — весьма распространенный при­ем в практике перевода с английского языка на русский. При этом важно следить за тем, чтобы это объединение было вполне логич­ным и чтобы в результате его не искажалась мысль оригинала.

We have succeeded in accomplishing this task ahead of time. By accomplishing this task ahead of time we helped our designing bureau in obtaining the necessary data for their work.

Нам удалось выполнить это задание досрочно. Выпол­няя это задание досрочно, мы помогли нашему конст­рукторскому бюро получить необходимые данные для его работы.

Данный вариант перевода с точки зрения грамматики допу­стим. Однако следующий вариант перевода компактнее и иди­оматичнее.

Мы выполнили это задание досрочно и помогли наше­му конструкторскому бюро получить необходимые дан­ные для его работы.

Как видно из примера, объединение двух предложений в одно не только позволяет сократить текст, но и значительно облегчает его восприятие.

Unit 5

TRANSMISSION LINES

Energy transmission is one of the basic elements of modern communication. Practically, one can say that communication is carried out due to the energy being transmitted over the transmitting lines. Lines used for energy transmission may be classed into the following three types: overhead, indoor and underground. Naturally, these types are different in construction and in the elements they are made of.

As for overhead lines, they include line conductors, insulators and supports. Indoor lines include conductors, cords and buses. The conductors in indoor lines may include one wire or a combination of wires not insulated from one another. As for underground lines, they usually include line conductors and insulators. Underground lines are laid under ground. They are mostly used in cities and in industrial areas.

The lines are made of thick wires of different metals. A number of metal wires put together form one thick cable and a pair includes two insulated conductors forming a metallic circuit. Thus, the basic technological part of energy transmission process is a long transmission line, and a cable is its main part.

The length of transmitting lines varies greatly since different signals must be transmitted over various distances, from area to area. In the process of transmitting electric energy, heating and radiation losses take place in the lines. The intensity of losses depends on the resistance in the lines. The greater is the resistance in the lines, the greater are the losses of conducting wires. Naturally, the losses must be reduced. The purpose of any energy transmission is to carry energy with as little losses as possible. Conductors and transformers are connected to the lines since they serve as the means of reducing heating and radiation losses.

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Insulate – изолировать

Bus – шина

Cord – провод, корд

Indoor (outdoor) – внутренний (внешний)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Infinitive used.

A 1. To transmit a message requires some energy. 2. Computers are used to perform series of mathematical operations. 3. It is quite necessary for the designer to understand the operation of the central processing unit. 4. Active satellites are equipped to receive and retransmit signals. 5. The distance to be covered was equal to 1000.000 miles. 6. To reduce power losses, thick wires should be used. 7. At least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is AC (alternative current). 8. Selectivity in audio-frequency amplifiers tends to broaden and gain to increase as capacitance is decreased. 9. Various installations are being used to transform electric power into mechanical and heat power.

B 1. For information to be transmitted, it must be attached to a radio-frequency carrier wave. 2. There exist many problems to be solved in science and technology by means of new techniques. 3. The new device gives fault-free operation and can be fully relied upon. 4. No additional components were used since they were not needed in order to actuate the relay. 5. In modern radio receivers oscillators are used to generate radio frequency waves that can be mixed with the incoming waves. 6. Computers’ ability to perform operations depends on their ability to store information. 7. The only power required to operate the radio is electrical power. 8. Power supplies are needed to convert the AC voltage to DC and to increase or decrease the voltage to the required value. 9. In case of fault in the line it may be sufficient to make measurements at one end of the line only. 10. When laying the cable, the cable run is to be selected so that to have a minimum possible distance between the starting and the finishing points of the line. 11. The colour television receiver consumes more power then the black-and-white receiver. To be exact, it consumes about one and a half times as much power. 12. It is practically impossible to convert a black-and-white receiver to receive colour broadcasts. To do it will require a great deal of special components.

II. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: "because — потому что, ибо", "because of – через, благодаря тому что, из-за".

1. Because our sense of temperature is not very reliable temperature measurements of our body must be made with accurate thermometers. 2. The energy, which an object has its motion because is called kinetic energy. 3. Because of the relative complexity of plasma accelerator configurations, experiments are needed to determine the design of suitable plasma drive devices. 4. The problem of power generation from fusion reactors is very difficult because of the difficulty of containing plasma. 5. Because the neutron is neutral the positive charge on the nucleus does not affect it.

LEXICAL EXERCISES

III. Match the meanings of the following word combinations.

External resistance Internal wiring Complex numbers Simple compression Simple fraction Thin aluminium wire Considerable losses Comparable efficiency Comparison curves Considerable resistance

Значительное сопротивление Правильная дробь Тонкая алюминиевая проволока Кривые сравнения Сравнимая эффективность Значительные потери Внутренняя проводка Внешнее сопротивление Сложные числа Простое сжатие

IV. Translate the text without dictionary.

As we know, transmission lines belong to the basic parts of the technological sphere of modern communication. In this sphere there operate different types of energy transmission lines. They differ in length, construction and cost. Among different types of transmission lines compressed gas-insulated ones have a number of advantages. Their main advantages are simplicity of construction and comparatively low cost.

The gas-insulated lines include a number of phase conductors and each of them is placed inside a tube. The tube space is not a vacuum; it is filled with compressed gas. Usually it is sulphur hexofluoride. The losses of a system including compressed gas-insulated transmission are rather low; they are considerably lower than those of cable transmission. Besides, unlike cables, compressed gas-insulated transmission system can be designed for ultra-high frequencies. The next advantage is that there is no external electric field in the system. This type of transmission lines can transmit power over larger distances than cable lines.

The comparative simplicity of construction makes the cost of gas-insulated transmission considerably lower than that of cable lines.

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fluoride - Фторид

hexode - гексод

V. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the polysemantic meanings of words in bold type.

1. There are clock that mark time with an accuracy of one second per 300 years. 2. He gets only good and excellent marks for his answers at all exams. 3. You must review grammar rules regularly. 4. You English instructor will return your paper with a review. 5. Let us centre our attention on the research. 6. The consultation centre of the Institute is not far away from my job. 7. To pass an exam by Physics you must give the subject much attention and time. 8. When you come to the place you must show your pass at the entrance.

VI. Translate the following words, pay attention to the meaning of prefixes "over-, inter-, under-".

over-

to overestimate to overcharge to overvalue

to overheat

to overcool

to overload

to overpay

to inter charge

to interact

to intermix

international

interstellar

the interchange

interconnection

GRAMMAR REFERENCES