Кабанова И

Раздел III. Семасиология

Упражнение 1. Проанализируйте структуру лексического значения следующих слов, определите денотативный и коннотативный компонент значения.

Polite – civil, to shake – to tremble, to choose – to select, money – cash, to conceal – to disguise, photograph – picture, odd – queer, to draw – to paint, skilled – proficient.

Упражнение 2. Определите тип мотивированности слова, укажите случаи немотивированных единиц.

To grumble, to sizzle, to sprinkle, a brute, absent-mindedness, speechless, open-mouthed, ruler-owner, knee-deep, small (not large → insignificant, unimportant), mind-blowing (amazing), cool (fashionable), virus, item, mouse.

Упражнение 3. Определите тип семантического переноса и объясните его.

Watt, volt, guillotine, bedlam, suede, muslin, tweed, a teddy bear, to talk froggy, colour-blind, jersey, derrick, ohm, bookworm, green years, wandering thought, mouth of a cave, a sour smile, china, raglan, jeans, ampere, the tongue of a bell, the eye of a needle, the mouth of a box, the head of the line.

Упражнение 4. Установите, каким образом шло развитие и изменение значения следующих слов.

Nice, room, pipe, heaven, lady, fowl, meat, marshal, glad, queen, teach, fellow, husband, knave, barn, bribery, boor, chap, churl, angel, knight, thing.

Упражнение 5. Приведите эвфемизмы для следующих слов. Скажите, с какой целью употребляются эвфемизмы.

To die, drunk, prison, mad, liar, devil, lavatory, god, eat, pregnant, stupid.

Упражнение 6. Выделите из следующих словосочетаний те, в которых реализуется один и тот же ЛСВ многозначного слова. Объясните различные значения и употребления.

smart, adj

smart clothes, a smart answer, a smart house, a smart garden, a smart repartee, a smart officer, a smart blow, a smart punishment, a smart restaurant, a smart nightclub

stubborn, adj

a stubborn child, a stubborn look, a stubborn horse, stubborn resistance, a stubborn fighting, a stubborn cough, stubborn depression

root, n

edible roots, the root of the tooth, the root of the matter, the root of all evil, square root, cube root

perform, v

to perform one’s duties, to perform an operation, to perform a dance, to perform a play

Упражнение 7. Проиллюстрируйте семантическую структуру следующих полисемантичных слов.

Face, n; lose, v; green, adj; sail, n.

Упражнение 8. Приведите омонимы для следующих слов, классифицируйте омонимы согласно существующим классификациям.

Seal, sum, sight, hare, bill, pupil, can, fit, like, bathed, lead, wound, sought, there, aloud.

Упражнение 9. Определите источники возникновения следующих омонимов.

Flower – flour; spring – to spring; capital (adj) – capital (n); love – to love; to write – rite – right; flu – flew; fare – fair; back – to back; piece – peace; box (1) – box (2); chest (1) – chest (2); pale – pail; wait – weight; case (1) – case (2); board – board.

Упражнение 10. Определите, являются ли выделенные слова омонимами или полисемантичными словами. Проанализируйте, какими критериями разграничения многозначности и полисемии вы руководствовались.

26 letters of the ABC; to receive letters regularly;
no mean scholar; to mean something;
to propose a toast; an understood toast;
a hand of the clock; to hold a pen in one’s hand;
to be six foot long; at the foot of the mountain;
the capital of a country; to have a big capital (money);
to date back to year 1870; to have a date with somebody;
to be engaged to Mr. N.; to be engaged in conversation;
to make a fire; to sit at the fire (place);
to peel the bark of the branch; to bark loudly at the stranger.

Упражнение 11. Определите тип синонимов.

Soldier – warrior; money – dosh – dough; courage – bottle; irritate – bug; appeal to – grab; to dismiss – to sack; to extinguish – to put out (the fire); weak – feeble – frail – fragile; to jump – to leap – to spring – to skip – to hop; ache – pain – pang – twinge; to shout – to yell – to roar; angry – furious – enraged; pleasure – delight – joy – delectation – enjoyment; passionate – ardent – fervent – fervid – perfervid – impassioned; to hate – to loathe – to detest – to abominate – to abhor.

Упражнение 12. Определите доминанту в следующих синонимических рядах. Объясните свой выбор.

to glimmer – to glisten – to blaze – to shine – to sparkle – to flash – to gleam;
to astound – to surprise – to amaze – to puzzle – to astonish;
to cry – to weep – to sob;
to praise – to commend – to laud – to glorify;
scent – perfume – smell – odour – aroma;
to fabricate – to manufacture – to produce – to create – to make.

Упражнение 13. Определите источники синонимии.

Fear – terror – horror; to die – to pass away; gift – present; work – job – employment – occupation; nil – zero; veterinarian – vet; charm – glamour; info – information; effectivity – effectiveness; mad – unbalanced; legless (coll) – drunk; lorry – truck; want – wish – desire – crave – covet; to stop – to cease – to quit – to discontinue – to desist; glad – joyful – joyous – happy – cheerful – light-hearted.

Упражнение 14. Объясните, почему следующие слова являются частичными синонимами. Установите значения, в которых они совпадают.

Tongue – language, dear – expensive, border – frontier, ripe – mature, infectious – catching, labyrinth – trap, object – objective, dumb – mute, survive – outlive, mean – stingy.

Упражнение 15. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам. Определите их типы.

Weak, high, to lose, to weep, honest, smart, ugly, logical, to agree, quiet, harmful, to use, romantic, to lock, tactful.

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