4. Complete the following text using words given in the box. Translate the text into Russian orally.

The … is the pump of the … system. It is about the size of a fist. It’s hollow and …, with its … at the bottom. The heart uses … to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the cells, tissues, and organs. … blood returns to the heart via the veins. The heart then pumps … blood to the lungs where it becomes … and returns to the heart for another circulatory round.

Each day, the heart beats about 100,000 times at a … of approximately 70 beats per minute.

The heart contains four … , or chambers: two on the right side (pulmonary heart), two on the left (systemic heart). … carries blood to and from the lungs. The … supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the body cells, tissues, and organs. After completing the … , all blood returns to the heart through the two main veins, the … and the … . These vena cavae meet at the … , a thin-walled chamber that serves as a collecting station. From the right atrium, the blood flows downward into the … , the smaller of the two muscular heart chambers. When the ventricle contracts, blood is forced upward. It is pumped through the … , which lead to the two lungs. This begins the pulmonary circuit. Blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation then returns to the heart for distribution to the body.

Blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of the heart via the … . From the left atrium (a collecting station) blood flows downward and enters the … , which is the larger of the two side-by-side muscular chambers. When the ventricles contract, simultaneously, the oxygenated blood is forced upward from the left ventricle through the big arch and into … . … arising from the aorta reach all parts of the head, upper extremities, thorax, abdomen, pelvic cavity, and lower extremities. The blood nourishes the … and returns to the heart to complete the circulation.

5. Some terms referring to abnormal conditions of the heart or blood vessels can be confusing. Read each definition carefully and select the terms that refer to a condition or procedure involving only the heart.

- Thrombus is a circulating blood clot.

- Coronary thrombosis is a heart attack caused by a blood clot that occludes

(closes off ) a coronary vessel of the heart.

- Embolus is a foreign or abnormal particle circulating in the blood, such

as a bubble of air, a blood clot, or cholesterol plaque.

- Embolism is the sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus.

- Cardiac arrest is the complete cessation of heart function. (If the

heartbeat cannot be restored, the patient dies.)

- Fibrillation means very fast and irregular heartbeat.

- Defibrillation means using an electrical spark to shock the heart and

bring about a slower and regular heartbeat.

Now review the terms and their meanings again. This time choose each term that refers to a condition of the blood or blood vessels.