9. Translate into Russian.

1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue whose components include plasma and blood cells.

2. Plasma contains serum with its small molecular nutrients and ions plus larger proteins, including albumins, globulins, and clotting factors.

3. Erythrocytes exist primarily to transport hemoglobin. They are short-lived and easily replaced or increased in number upon demand.

4. Platelets are cell fragments that participate in hemostasis, or the control of bleeding from ruptured vessels.

5. Arteries and veins have similar structures with walls of three layers. Both have elastic tissue and smooth muscle to adjust their diameters.

6. Arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways, or collateral circulation, for blood to reach a given tissue.

7. Cardiac tissue contains fibers made from stacks of short cells capable of spreading a wave of excitation to contract from one cell to another.

8. Valves of the heart operate passively to maintain the direction of flow of the blood from one chamber to the next.

9. The mammalian heart has two sets of two chambers pumping in synchrony to provide separate pulmonary and systemic circulation.

10. The wall of the heart consists of three tissue layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

11. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and empties into the right venticle.

12. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

13. Flaps of the atrioventricular valves are reinforced by chordae tendiniae and papillary muscles.

14. Primitive vertebrate circulation directed blood out of the heart, through the ventral aorta; through the aortic arches in the gills, and to the body tissues via the dorsal aorta.

15. Fetal circulation and adult circulation have different patterns due to the non-functioning of the lungs. Numerous traces of the fetal pattern of circulation are preserved in adult anatomy.

 16. Three factors are important in determining blood pressure: the force of the heartbeat, the volume of the blood, and the volume of the blood vessels. These are each subject to regulation through long and short term strategies.

17. The head and neck are supplied with blood by the external and internal carotid arteries and drained by the jugular veins.

18. The upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery and its branches.

19. The lower limb is supplied by the external iliac and femoral arteries and their branches.

20. The spleen houses lymphocytes and macrophages and other cells that filter blood and perform immune surveillance for the body. In addition, the spleen removes and recycles worn out blood cells.