Modernism and Reaction of Architecture

The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here.

Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology.

When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.

The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings that displayed their construction and structure, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind traditional forms, were seen as beautiful in their own right. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution.

Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. As the founders of the International Style lost influence in the late 1970s, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a building in which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach.

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ВАРІАНТ I

The Elaboration of New Algorithmic Scheme for Calculation

of the Physico-Chemical and Physico-Mechanical Characteristics

of Polymer Adhesive Joints

I. Basic Parameters

The problems concerning evaluation and prediction of the strength of adhesive joints are usually studied within the framework of mechanics of solids. Such an approach seems to be quite natural but it appears to be somewhat inadequate, since a number of factors (such as the effect of the nature and structure of adhesive and substrate surfaces, the conditions and kinetics of adhesion interaction, the area of interfacial contact are left beyond consideration.

The physical chemistry of the formation of adhesive systems and their fracture mechanics still remain separate fields of adhesion science, each with its own formalism and area of application. On the one hand, scientists can not study the laws of adhesive joint formation without employing the strength properties of the systems investigated, as the strength of adhesive joint appears to be the only measure of the effectiveness of interfacial interaction. This effectiveness is presumed to be proportional to the parameters of mechanical origin. However, this assumption seems to be neither evident nor universal. On the other hand, the nature of adhesives and substrates, as well as the conditions of interfacial contact formation, are usually ignored by engineers designing the adhesive joints. Thus, in developing new adhesives and adhesive bonding techniques it is difficult to rely on the data that they obtain. Contradiction between the two approaches is one of the most important problems іn the science of adhesion and may be overcome by combining them. We consider that the main trend to achieve this task involves further development of the energy approach describing both the formation and the fracture of the polymer adhesive joints.

ВАРІАНТ II