1. Make sure you know the meaning of the following words. Match them with the Ukrainian equivalents. Read the text.

The multifunctional center represents a new building type, which will attain a world-wide significance¹. The concert of the multifunctional center does not come out of a vacuum. It represents, in fact, the natural and organic organization pattern² which has existed since the founding of human settlements and has expressed itself everywhere as the nomadic hunter turned to the pursuit of agriculture^3, the activities of craftsmanship and of trade.

Thus, in every realm of life, we have to acknowledge the old saying that “nothing is really new in this world”. Having acknowledged this undeniable fact, we should not be hesitant about⁴ studying and learning from the experiences of urban organization as expressed in the past.

For reason of changing sociological conditions and because of the impact of scientific and technological inventiveness, many of the old, organically grown multifunctional centers have assumed the role of tourist attractions because they satisfy a strong underlying human desire for certain old ways of life. In other cases, their very existence is threatened, because they do not respond to certain real – and a few imagined – needs of twentieth-century man. In spite of these difficulties, multifunctionality remains operative⁵ in central areas of many settlements: in villages and town squares and in centers of cities.

Because of historic development many of the old city cores grew not just as multifunctional centers but as omnifunctional centers. This was due to the fact that within the confines of the old cities, formerly protected by fortifications, all urban requirements had to be satisfied. This omnifunctionality is no longer necessary or attainable.

The new-type multifunctional center cannot be developed with the goal of creating omnifunctional centers. The goal should be rather to combine as many urban functions of the center-conforming type⁶ as possible in a concentrated and land-conserving manner, counteracting the tendencies toward fragmentation, sterility, and waste of time and energy.

There are various reasons for the difficulties with which the planning and implementation of the multifunctional centers are beset.

One of the tasks connected with the creating and shaping the multifunctional center⁷ is to employ the tools, which science and technology have given to us, to the highest degree using them to eliminate the conflicts between man and his mechanical slaves.

There emerge a number of particular guidelines for the planning of multifunctional centers. We must obviously invent methods, which enable us to place a maximum amount of enclosed space⁸ serving human activities on a minimum of land. If we achieve this goal, we will shorten the distances between the various functions to such a degree that we will minimize the waste created by enforced mobility⁹. The tools of modern technology – if thoughtfully employed – can be of greatest assistance. The task of creating a multifunctional center is an infinitely more difficult and complex one than that of creating a unifunctional one.

The boundary line between the unifunctional and the multifunctional center cannot be sharply drawn. Some centers contain accessory activities¹⁰ which are not directly connected with the buying and selling of merchandise. We find in most of them eating facilities¹¹, in some entertainment or even cultural activities, certain public services, for example, post offices, and in rare cases, offices and some other functions. Even in a unifunctional office center there are usually some facilities catering to immediate shopping needs and personal services. Thus it appears that the division line must be drawn in accordance with the consideration of whether a center is, as its productive space concerned, devoted to the highest degree to only specific function or whether various functions are combined with each other in such a manner that each is strongly represented¹².

Multifunctionality is already established when just two different urban functions are combined (for example shopping facilities with employment facilities in offices), but the meaningfulness of multifunctionality grows when one succeeds in combing a large number of urban functions within one physical framework.

The problem, which faces the center team¹³, is that of inventing methods, which make possible the most intensive use of land, avoiding, however, the disadvantages and dangers commonly associated with the term high density.

If it is our aim to create cohesive and concentrated multifunctional centers¹⁴, then we will have to succeed in changing the relationship between productive surface and land surface considerably. In regional shopping centers, even the largest and best planned ones, the structures containing all productive functions are rarely higher than two floors above ground. In organically grown cities, on the other hand, we find that each structure is multifunctional. In basements, on the ground floors, and often on one floor above, there can be found stores, shops, and various institutions. Above them, there are additional floors, varying in number, which contain residence, offices, restaurants, terrace café, and other enterprises.

Technology has supplied us with certain tools, which have changed the design of certain types of structures from an engineering and architectural point of view. Outstanding in this respect is the progress¹⁵ made in creating conditions of controlled light and air¹⁶ and that made in the field of vertical transportation.

Conditions of controlled air and light can be applied to a large number of utilizations of inner space. It certainly applies to large assembly rooms where natural light infill trating through even the largest window apertures can penetrate into only a small stripe around the perimeter. This category includes meeting rooms, conference rooms, cinemas (which of course have to be dark in order to operate), lecture halls, storage rooms (whether for goods or automobiles), restaurants, etc. It is thus possible to establish a listing of urban functions¹⁷ for which conditions of controlled light and air are definitely preferable.

The full recognition of the importance of our technological ability to provide conditions of controlled light and air will assist us in utilizing land in highly intensified manner.

The second tool is the development of vertical transportation. Whereas in the field of horizontal movement, all that our “progress” has brought us is a vast increase of individual transportation by motor car, and a decrease of public transportation, the opposite is the case in the field of vertical transportation¹⁸. Here, technology has to a large degree replaced the individual transportation medium, the climbing of stairs, through highly efficient and speedy public transportation, by means of electronic elevators, escalators, freight elevators, inclined moving ramps, vertical conveyer belt systems, etc. These inventions have made possible the construction of multistoried department stores, multilevel shopping centers and, of course, high-rise apartment buildings¹⁹, office buildings, hospitals, etc. The vertical public transportation has increased a thousand fold. There is no doubt that we are on the threshold of new technological development concerning horizontal public transportation. Dozens of meaningful inventions have been made in this respect, and it is only in their application that we lag behind. In connection with the concept of the multifunctional center, both the already applied technology concerning vertical transportation and the already available²⁰ but not yet applied technology concerning

horizontal transportation will have to play a role.