1. A Here are some words which you’ll find in the text. Try to guess what they mean and match them with the definitions given in the chart.

medieval thoroughfare burgh apparent moat

siege suburbanite sprawl ordinance

B. Now insert the words from the box into the gaps in the sentences according to their meaning.

▪ suburbanite ▪sprawl ▪thoroughfare ▪medieval ▪moat ▪apparent ▪siege

1. These spices were first brought to Italy from the East in __________ times.

2. It was surrounded by a 100-foot-wide _________, crossed by causeways lined by statues of soldiers and elephants.

3. It soon became ____________ that we had a major problem.

4. The town seemed to ____________ for miles.

5. The motel was off the main ____________.

6. The __________ lasted almost four months.

7. Patsy’s father is a typical ______________.

The cities of the middle Ages were planned cities. Present air views makes the ruins of medieval cities appear as random agglomerations of dwellings crowded the chicks of a hen into the protective shelter of walls and moat, with a minimum of rational internal organization. The original structure of the city is no longer apparent. In the later phases of the middle Ages, the city outgrew its original design. In the course of centuries, it filled up and, unable to sprawl beyond the limits of its fortifications, developed differently from the metropolis of the industrialization period. The main streets and thoroughfares of the medieval cities were deliberately and rationally planned. They led directly – and frequently in a straight line – from the central market place to the city gates.

At times, an element foreign to our conception of purposeful planning entered into the picture. The street system was occasionally determined by symbolic references, dividing the city area, for example, into 12 sections representing the 12 apostles of Christ. A straight north-south and east-west direction was frequently preferred to arrangements more convenient to interurban traffic. But plans there were although subservient to values different from ours.

Originally, the medieval cities were planned with a generous layout, leaving room for additional expansion. The belt of fortifications was wide enough to encompass tillable land for food supplies in case of prolonged siege. The garden land of the urban residents was also enclosed within the city walls.

City location was determined by defense purposes. A variety of strong defense positions were exploited. Cities were located on the tops of cliffs and mountains; we also find them on islands, and at river deltas and peninsulas. The winding course of a river offered many opportunities for well protected urban locations.

Yet what was an advantageous position in the building later often turned into embarrassing restrictions to further growth. Neither the hill-top nor the island could be extended to allow for unlimited population increase. Many urban settlements thus fell by the wayside due to geographical obstructions. They fell into a state of stagnation from which they never recovered. Others extended in suburban settlements beyond their natural borders. They continued to grow at the foot of the hill-side or overflowed the river line behind which the early settlement had sought protection.

From the 12th to the 16th century most cities extended beyond earlier ranges of fortification. As the medieval city filled up, additional populations settled in clusters outside the city walls. By the concerted efforts of these peripheral settlers, sometimes like a stockade was thrown around their dwelling units to hold the site against the enemy to permit the suburbanites to withdraw to the inner ring of fortifications.

Sooner or later, the city walls proper were extended to embrace all the outlying settlements in a widened ring of defensive constructions. Successive rings of abandoned protective belts are still clearly visible in the street system of cities that have survived from Middle Ages.

Inside, the medieval city pattern expressed the class structure of a feudal society and that of the urban community itself. Not all, but many of the earlier cities nested at the feet of burghs. As the city spread in a circle or semicircle, it retained a hierarchical arrangement of residential construction according to status. Advanced status pre-empted the grounds in the center of town. Members of the nobility had their city residences close to the central market place. As the nobility declined in power and numerical importance, their place was taken by the family residences of wealthy merchants or craftsmen with seats in the city council.

Unlike our modern cities, these cities had no slums close to their centers; instead there were pretentious stone structures, palaces, and stately mansions. Here was the place also for the numerous public buildings. Many of these have since been converted to residential use, thus obscuring their original function. In addition the innermost ring of urban construction contained the guildhalls and the ball houses, the public baths, and the wholesale markets with indoor as well as outdoor space for commercial activities.

At the periphery of the medieval city, we find the residences of the poorer members of the community, squeezed close to the wall and crowded together in a frantic scramble for space. The modest dwellings of the early middle Ages, as a matter of fact, have not endured to the present times. These one-story and one-room structures were later replaced by more elaborate three-floor structures protruding over the street front to increase the amount of dwelling space.

If the main streets of the medieval city were laid out according to a uniform plan, the same cannot be said for the side streets and alleys. The winding network of side streets often leaves us with an esthetically pleasing impression.

These side streets of the Middle Ages were never laid out with a view to purposes of communication. They were spaces left over in the built-up area of the city, as farm and garden land, vineyards, barns, and stables were gradually cut up into for residential constructions. There were no premeditated plans for as much as a single city block. As a matter of fact, there were no city blocks.

Sanitary conditions in the medieval city were such as to endanger by either

plague or fire its very survival. There was progress, but the growing population pressure continuously made obsolete the water system and the sewerage system, as well as the protective measures designed to forestall the devastating fires that annihilated entire cities.

City ordinance determined the distances between individual structures in order to limit the spread of possible fires. Streets were paved, restrictions were imposed upon the elimination of waste products, and public toilets were installed. The pigsties had to disappear from the street system and, in the late Middle Ages; many cities installed plumbing systems that piped running water into the individual dwelling units.

To permit a minimum of sunlight to penetrate into the side alleys, building ordinances restricted the custom of letting the upper floors of residential construction protrude to the point where the houses almost touched at the top-level. Street-lighting helped to improve the citizen’s safety from robbery by night, and the organization of the fire brigade was improved as these cities grew and filled up into dense clusters of humanity within the confines of the city wall.