Text 2. Foundations of Pisa Leaning Tower
Match the following words and translations.
1. to lean 2. extent 3. unevenly 4. perpendicular 5. trial pit 6. foundation engineer 7. precast concrete 8. floating 9. vast 10. ironstone | A. нерівно B. шурф обстежування C. інженер з фундаментобудування D. збірний залізобетон E. нестійкий, плавучий F. обсяг G. великий H. перпендикуляр, висок I. залізна руда J. нахилятися |
Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? The answer is that its foundations were not soundly laid. From earliest times, architects and engineers have been aware of the problems involved in laying a building’s foundations; but they have not always realized to what extent the earth can be pressed down by the weight of a building. Too little allowance has sometimes been made for the possibility of a heavy structure’s sinking unevenly. (Though the Leaning Tower is 14ft out of the perpendicular, it has never toppled. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper stories to balance it. At the same time as one side of it sank into the ground, the earth beneath was compressed until it became dense enough to prevent further movement.)
If the earth is stable, laying the foundations of small buildings possess few problems. But in a tall modern structure the load may be very heavy indeed; and the foundation engineer has an extremely important job to do. To begin with, he must have a thorough understanding of soil mechanics, which entails a scientific study of the ground to see what load it can bear without dangerous movement.
Trial pits are dug, or holes are bored, in order to collect undisturbed samples of earth from various depths. By examining these, the engineer can forecast the probable shifts in the earth during and after building, according to the sort of foundation he designs. Thus he comes to the most important decision of all in the building’s construction: He decides whether the earth is of the type that can best support each column on a separate solid block, or whether he must aim at lightness and, as it were, ‘float’ the building on hollow foundations.
If firm ground has been found only at great depth, the foundation engineer may use piles. These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced, precast concrete deep into the ground, or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete. Each pile supports its load in one, or both, of two ways. It may serve as a column with its foot driven into solid earth or rock or it may stand firm because friction along its sides ‘grips’ the column and prevents it from sinking.
But when it is a question of floating a building, the foundations take the form of a vast, hollow concrete box. It is divided into chambers that will house heating and ventilating plants as well as provide garage and storage space for the building.
Luckiest of all are those foundation engineers whose buildings stand on hard rock like granite or ironstone. For them neither piles nor flotation need be used.
- Higher education’
- 1. Find out if the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- 2. Answer the question on the text.
- Text 2. Everyday English and Technical English
- 1. Finish the sentences according to the text:
- 2. Find out if the statements below are true or false according to the text.
- 3. Answer the following questions on the text.
- Text 3. British English and American English
- 1. Find out if the following statements are true or false.
- 2. Read the text and answer the following questions.
- Text 4. Short Course of Academy History
- 1. Complete the table.
- 2. Think and answer the following questions.
- 3. Read the statements below and underline the correct information.
- ‘Building profession’ Text 1. Honorable Profession
- 1. Read the text carefully and then make up as many questions as you can. All the questions should be answered.
- 2. Find out if the following statements are true or false.
- 3. Read the text again and write down the correct endings of the sentences below.
- ‘Building materials’ Text 1. The Most Important and Widely Used Building Materials (Binding Materials, Concrete and Structural Steel)
- 1. Find the correct headings of the paragraphs.
- 2. Read the following sentences and divide them into three groups ‘The Choice of Materials for Any Work of Construction’, ‘The Properties of High Alumina Cement’ and ‘The Composition of Concrete’.
- 3. Read the following sentences and divide them into two groups ‘Cement’ and ‘Concrete’.
- 4. Choose the one best answer a, b, c to the questions.
- Text 2. The Choice of Material
- 1. Find the correct headings of the paragraphs.
- 2. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
- 3. Read the following sentences and divide them into three groups ‘Concrete’, ‘Brick’ and ‘Plastics’.
- 4. Choose the one best answer a, b, c to the statements.
- Text 3. Advanced Composite Materials
- 1. Answer the questions.
- 2. Complete the table.
- Text 4. Concrete
- 2. Answer the following questions.
- 3. Read the text again and write down the correct endings of the following sentences.
- 4. Write a short composition ‘Concrete’ (70 words). Text 5. Special Purpose Glass
- 1. Find the correct endings for the sentences below.
- 2. Answer the following questions.
- 4. Write a short composition ‘Types of Glasses and Their Usage’’ (70 words). ‘parts of building’ Text 1. History of the Tallest Skyscrapers
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Here are the names of skyscrapes.
- 2. Complete the table.
- Text 2. Foundations of Pisa Leaning Tower
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Write down some sentences about the article ‘Foundations of Pisa Leaning Tower ’beginning the phrases below.
- Text 3. The Plastic House for Tomorrow
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- Text 4. Roman Baths
- 1. Read the statements below and decide if they are true or false.
- 2. Put the following words in the sentences below.
- 3. Choose and write down the correct verb forms. Read the text.
- ‘Building tools’ Text 1. Tools and their uses
- 1. Divide the following words from the box into two groups: tools and things that are used with tools.
- 2. Complete the first half of the sentence on the left with the best phrase from the right.
- 3. Think and answer the questions below.
- ‘Building mashines’ Text 1. Earth-Moving Machinery
- 1. Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (t) or false (f).
- 2. Read the short text below and answer the question:
- 3. Find the necessary ending to the following sentence.
- 4. Choose one of the best beginning (a, b, c) to the following endings.
- Text 2. Mobile Cranes
- Text 3. Excavators
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Find the necessary ending to the following sentence.
- 3. Write down terms matching words from columns a and b. Choose three word combinations and make up sentences with them.
- ‘Types of dwelling’ Text 1. Residential and Industrial Buildings
- 1. Read the following sentences and decide what sentence expresses the main idea of the text.
- 2. Find the correct headings of the paragraphs.
- 3. Read the following sentences and divide them into two groups ‘Residential Buildings’ and ‘Industrial Buildings’.
- 4. Choose the one best answer a, b, c to the statements.
- 5. Find the correct endings to the following statements according to the text.
- Text 2. Types of Buildings
- Text 3. Special Structures
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Make up a summary of this text completing the following sentences.
- Text 4. Home, Sweet Home
- 2. Match words and their definitions. After that put them into the sentences below.
- Text 5. Wooden Structures in Ukraine
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Read the text and decide if the statements after it are true (t) or false (f).
- 3. Make up a list of Wooden structures in Ukraine. Text 6. Farmhouses
- 1. Answer the following questions.
- 2. Read the text and decide if the statements after it are true (t) or false (f).
- 3. Write down the main features of Ukrainian farmhouse.
- Text 1. Egyptian Pyramids
- 1. Read the passage again and answer the questions.
- 2. Put the words below in the gaps.
- Text 2. A Roman theatre
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Make up a short story about theatre in your own city. Tell about its form, shape, roof, scene decoration. Text 3. Stonehenge
- 1. Find out if the following statements true or false.
- 2. Put the words below in the gaps.
- Text 4. St. Paul’s Cathedral
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Write down the endings of the following sentences.
- 3. Make up a summary of the article ‘St. Paul’s Cathedral’. Text 5. Wren, Sir Christopher
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Make up a summary of the article ‘Wren, Sir Christopher’. ‘cities and towns’ Text 1. Types of Modern Cities
- 1. Match words with their Ukrainian equivalents. Read the text.
- 2. Comprehension question:
- 3. Discussion questions:
- Text 2. Growth of Cities (Principle of City Location)
- Vocabulary notes:
- 1. Comprehension question:
- 2. Find the Ukrainian equivalent of the words and expressions given and then fill in the gaps in the sentences.
- Text 3. Modern Urban Planning (a Multifunctional Center)
- 1. Make sure you know the meaning of the following words. Match them with the Ukrainian equivalents. Read the text.
- Vocabulary notes:
- 2. Comprehension question:
- 3. Choose the most suitable answer and complete the sentences.
- Text 4. City of Middle Ages
- 1. A Here are some words which you’ll find in the text. Try to guess what they mean and match them with the definitions given in the chart.
- Vocabulary notes:
- 2. Comprehension question:
- 3. Discussion questions:
- Text 5. The White House
- State floor
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Decide if the following statements are true (t) or false (f) according to the text. Find the false sentence and correct them.
- 3. Complete the sentences using the text.
- Text 1. Computers and Their Usage
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. How computer-literate are you? Divide these words into two groups.
- Text 2. Internet
- 1. Read the following statements and decide if it is true (t) or false (f).
- 2. A. Read the paragraph about the Internet and choose the correct form of the verb. Surfing the Net
- Text 3.
- 1. Skim through the text to get the general idea of the meaning. Do not worry about the words you do not know. Choose the suitable title for the text.
- 2. Read the text again. Choose the sentences (a – d) the one which best fits each gap (1 – 3) in the above text.
- Text 4. Computer Widows
- 1. Make a list of people who use computers. What do they use them for?
- 2. Who might say the following?
- Text 5. Importance of the Internet to Young People
- 1. Match the words and phrases 1 – 3 with a – c.
- 2. Which three internet activities do you think are the most popular with teenagers?
- 3. Now read the text and choose the best option in 1-8. Write an appropriate heading for each part of the text.
- Text 1. Buckingham Palace
- 1. Read the text and decide if the following statements are true (t) or false (f).
- 2. Answer the following questions:
- Text 2. The British Museum
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Choose the correct answer.
- Text 3. The National Gallery
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- Text 4. Angel of the North
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Decide weather the following statements are true (t) or false (f) correct those ones which are false.
- Text 5. Enercon e-66
- 1. A. Make sure you know the meaning of the following words. Match the words with theirs synonyms.
- 2. Answer the following questions:
- Text 6. The windmill
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Decide whether the following sentences are true (t) or false (f), correct those which are false.
- 3. Read and translate the following sentences and find out more information about windmills.
- 4. Describe the way the windmill work. Text 7. Tate and Clore
- 1. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Each of sentences a-f fits into a gap in the article. Decide where each sentence fits best.
- 3. A. Match the words with their definitions 1-16.
- Text 1. London Underground
- 2. Answer the following questions:
- 3. Do you have underground in your city? What do you know about it? Text 2.
- 1. Read the text and choose the best title for it.
- 2. Answer the following questions:
- 3. Chose the correct answer.
- Text 1. Parks and Gardens in London
- 1. Scan the text and find out about what park is the following information:
- 2. Find the false sentences and correct the mistakes.
- 3. Make up 5 questions about the text and let students answer them.
- 1. Make sure you know the following words: match the Ukrainian equivalent with the English words.
- Text 3. Kent: the garden of England
- 2. Complete the sentences, using the text, and translate them.
- 3. Answer the questions.
- Text 4. Lake District National Park
- 1. Answer the questions.
- 2. Complete the sentences, using the text.
- 3. Fill in the gaps, using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
- 4. Match the endings of the sentences.
- 1. Do you like high places or are you afraid of heights (vertigo)?
- 2. Read the text quickly and answer the questions below.
- 3. Complete the text by putting one word in each space. Use the words in the box. Check the meaning of any new words in the dictionary.
- 4. Read the text again and decide if the sentences below are true (t) or false (f).
- Sources
- Cities and towns ………...………………………………………………...… 53 Types of Modern Cities ………...…………………………………………….. 53
- Internet …………..……………...……………………………………...…….. 71
- Importance of the Internet to Young People …………..…….……...……….. 74
- ‘Underground. Tunnels’ .…………..……………………………….…. 86 London Underground …………..……………………...…...………………... 86
- Sources ……….....…………….……………………………………..………… 96 content……….....…………….……………………………………..………… 97