Direct and Reported Speech
Для того щоб передати, що хтось сказав щось, можливо вживати "пряму мову" обо "непряму мову".
1. Коли дієслово в повідомленні або в словах автора вжито в теперішньому часі, дієслово не змінюється.
Direct Speech: Annie says, "I usually visit exhibitions and fairs".
Indirect Speech: Annie says (that) she usually visits exhibitions and fairs.
2. Але коли дієслово в повідомленні вжито в одному з минулих часів, час дієслова в непрямій мові змінюється.
Direct Speech: Annie said: "I usually visit exhibitions and fairs"
Indirect Speech: Annie said (that) she usually visited exhibitions and fairs.
Дієслово в непрямій мові змінюється відповідно "Правилу Узгодження часів"
Коли дієслово в повідомленні вжито в Past Tense,час в непрямій мові звичайно "посувається назад".
Дієслова в Present Tense змінюється на форму Past Tense:
| Speaker's Words | Indirect Speech |
| "We are going to cooperate with them" | He said that they were going to cooperate with them. |
| "Many countries take part in the exhibitions every year" | We read in the brochure that many countries took part in the exhibitions every year. |
| "Different producers have already made profitable contracts at the exhibition" | They knew that different producers had already made profitable contracts at the exhibition. |
Дієслова в Past Tense змінюються на Past Perfect:
| "The quality of goods increased" | Everybody saw that the quality of goods had increased. |
| "We arrived late at the fair" | They said that they had arrived late. |
3. Дієслова в Future Tense змінюється на would do:
| "The next linen show will be held in pavilion 2" | The speaker announced that the next linen show would be held in pavilion 2. |
| "Our company will get in touch with you after the fair" | The top manager stated their company would get in touch with them after the fair. |
4. Дієслова в Past Perfect не змінюються:
| "I had visited this section before" | My friend said that he had visited that section before. |
5. Модальні дієслова змінюються таким чином:
Can ---- could, may----- might, must----- had to
| "Any customer can buy goods in retail" | We were told that any customer could buy goods in retail. |
| "One must fill in the application form before the fair" | The secretary told us that one had to fill in the application form before the fair. |
| "You may go by car to the entrance of the pavilion" | Mike said that I might go by car to the entrance of the pavilion. |
В непрямій мові також змінюються прислівники часу та місця:
-
here
there
this
that/the
now
then
today
that day
tonight
that night
tomorrow
the next day/the following day
yesterday
the day before/ the previous day
next Monday
the following Monday
last Monday
the previous Monday
Часи дієслів, прикметники та займенники в непрямих питаннях змінюються таким самим чином, як і в непрямих твердженнях. В непрямих питаннях порядок слів такий, як і в простому реченні. Допоміжні дієслова не вживаються.
| "Do you want to buy anything here?" | Marie asked me if I wanted to buy something there. |
| "What are you mostly surprised by?" | Jake wondered what I was mostly surprised by. |
| "Where will Italian section present leather goods?" | Students asked where Italian section would present leather goods. |
| "Did you get any experience in working at the fair?" | The director asked me wheather I had got any experience in working at the fair. |
- Т.В. Барамикова, л.П. Ільєнко, т.С. Макарська, м.В. Рогачова, н.Д. Ганчик, к.Б. Кугай, і.О. Нікіфорова, а.В. Спіжова Practical course of English
- А.Е. Левицький
- Н.М. Нестеренко
- І.В. Каташинська
- Передмова
- Introduction
- Recording by own voice
- 2. Read and translate the following text:
- I am a student of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 4. Complete the sentences:
- 5. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- 6. True or false statements:
- III Grammar skills.
- 1. Choose the correct form:
- 2. Complete the sentences with:
- 3. Put the words into the correct word order:
- 4. Match the question words and answers:
- 5. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- 6. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 2. Speak on the following situations:
- V Rendering.
- 1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. My family
- 2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.
- II Reading skills.
- 1. An ancient city древнє, стародавнє місто
- 2. Read and translate the following text: Kyiv
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- III Grammar Skills.
- 7. Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets:
- 8. Translate into English:
- 9. Ask questions to the following answers:
- IV Communicative Skills.
- 2. Make up dialogues according to the model:
- V Rendering.
- A letter to a friend
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
- The Present Progressive Tense
- Вживання The Present Progressive Tense
- 2. Read and translate the text. Ukraine is my Homeland
- 4. Match the words:
- III Grammar skills.
- 4. Complete the sentences with the verb “to write” in the appropriate form:
- 7. Make 16 pronouns and translate them:
- 9. Make sentences using when and the Past Continuous or the Past Simple of
- 10. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.
- Contraction
- The Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense
- 1. Form
- Похідні від some, any, no
- Used to
- II Reading skills.
- 1. Read and remember:
- 2. Read and translate the following text:
- Introducing London
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 2. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple Tense and translate
- 3. Complete the sentences using the proper degree of comparison of adjectives:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- 2. Speak on the following situations:
- V Rendering.
- 1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Getting about London
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
- Present Perfect / Past Indefinite
- Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 4. Match the words:
- 5. True or false statements:
- III Grammar skills.
- 1. Choose the correct form:
- 2. Complete the sentences:
- 3. Put the words into correct word order:
- 4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- 5. Choose the correct form:
- 6. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- 2. Make a plan in the form of questions.
- Possessive case
- Утворення
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 4. Ask questions оn the points below and answer them:
- 5. Get ready to speak about the following:
- 6. Complete the sentences using the prepositions against, at, bу, for, in, оn, of, to where necessary:
- 7. Match the sentence parts:
- III Grammar skills.
- 1. Add "the " in the spaces where necessary:
- 2. Choose the correct form:
- 3. Complete the sentences:
- 4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- 5. Put the words into correct word order:
- 6. Transform sentences into exclamations:
- 7. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- 2. Complete the dialogue:
- V Rendering.
- 1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Who rules the country?
- 2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.
- The Future Simple Tense
- Exclamation sentences
- II Reading skills.
- 1. Read and remember:
- 2. Read and translate the following text: canada
- 3. Find the answers to the following questions:
- 4. Match the words:
- III Grammar skills.
- 1. Translate into Ukrainian:
- 2. Choose the correct form: can, be able to, must, had to, could, may, be allowed to.
- IV Communicative skills.
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
- 4. Listen to the text once again and answer the questions:
- Can, may, must and their equivalents
- Prepositions
- 3. Answer the following questions:
- 2. Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks:
- 3. Put the verb in brackets in an appropriate tense form:
- 4. Put the verb into the correct form:
- 5. Ask questions to which the following statements are the answers:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them.
- 2. Speak on the following situations:
- V Rendering.
- 1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
- Future Perfect
- Questions
- Question words
- Tag – questions or Disjunctive questions.
- I Phonetic skills.
- II Reading skills.
- Higher Education in Ukrainian Educational System
- III Grammar skills.
- IV Communicative Skills.
- V Rendering.
- Higher Education in the usa
- VI Comprehensive skills.
- 2. Listen to the text ‘Higher Education: Universities in Great Britain’ and try to understand it.
- 3. True or false sentences:
- I Phonetic skills.
- Light industry as it was and as it is
- III Grammar skills.
- 1. Choose the correct form: active or passive.
- 2. Transform the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice.
- 3. Transform the following sentences from Passive into Active Voice.
- 4. Complete the sentences with by or with.
- 6. Put the verb into the correct form: Active or Passive Voice.
- 2. Speak on the following situations:
- V Rendering
- Information technologies in manufacturing
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in a form of questions.
- Unit 11
- Grammar: The Infinitive and the Infinitive constructions
- I Phonetic skills.
- 1. Listen and repeat:
- II Reading skills.
- Engineering and Technological Progress
- IV Communicative skills.
- 2) (Reading for an examination)
- 3) (At the examination)
- V Rendering.
- Automation
- VI Comprehensive skills.
- 2. Listen to the text “My future speciality” and try to understand it.
- 3. True or False statements:
- The Infinitive
- The functions of The Infinitive
- Предикативні інфінітивні звороти
- 3. Infinitive Construction introduced by the preposition for.
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 4. Complete the sentences:
- 5. Match the words:
- 6. True or false statements:
- III Grammar skills.
- 2. Complete the sentences:
- 3. Put the words into correct word order:
- 4. Join the sentences using Participle I:
- 5. Choose the correct form:
- 6. Define the form of the gerund, using the table and translate the sentences:
- IV Communicative skills
- 2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.
- The form and functions of Participle II
- I have my shoes mended in that shop. – я ремонтую туфлі у цій майстерні.
- The Gerund
- Unit 13
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 4. Complete the sentences:
- 5. Match the words that go together:
- III Grammar Skills.
- IV Communicative Skills.
- V Rendering.
- On the importance of the conference
- VI Comprehensive Skills.
- 3. True or false statements:
- Direct and Reported Speech
- Unit 14
- I Phonetic skills.
- 1. Listen and repeat:
- 2. Listen and remember the following words and phrases:
- II Reading skills.
- 1. Read and remember:
- 2. Read and translate the following text. What is the Internet?
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 2. Put the verb into correct form Present Real or Present Unreal Conditional:
- 3. Transform the sentences using conditionals:
- 4. Complete the sentences in your own way using conditionals:
- 5. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- 2. Arrange the utterances from the conversations in the logical order:
- VI Comprehensive skills.
- 1. “If” показує, що ми не впевнені, чи відбудеться дія. “when” підкреслює типовість та регулярність дії.
- 3. Find the answers to the questions:
- 2. Choose the correct form of the verb:
- 3. Put the words in the sentences into correct word order:
- 4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- 5. Translate into English:
- IV Communicative skills.
- 1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- V Rendering.
- 1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Ecological Problems
- 2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
- Compound sentences
- Фонетичний довідник
- Англійський алфавіт
- Читання голосних Загальна характеристика голосних
- Читання приголосних
- Приголосні фонеми
- Тексти для позакласного читання the english language
- Why are many English words pronounced differently from the way they are spelt?
- Kyivo-pecherska lavra
- Museum of great patriotic war
- Babyn yar
- St. Sophia's cathedral
- Andriyivsky descent
- Folk architecture and life museum pyrohovo
- St. Michael's golden-domed cathedral
- Khreschatyk
- City of London
- Palace of westminster
- Clock tower, palace of westminster
- Trafalgar square
- British museum
- Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Buckingham Palace
- St Paul's Cathedral
- Why do the British like going to the pub?
- What is the most popular food in Britain?
- What are the most common superstitions in Britain?
- How do the British spend their leisure time?
- How are the police organised?
- When can the police carry guns?
- What is the oldest university in Britain?
- What are Britain's national costumes?
- What is haggis?
- Is it true that a lot of British dishes are named after places?
- At what age do children go to school in Britain?
- What are the different types of secondary school?
- Why are ‘public’ schools so called?
- Why does the Queen have two birthdays?
- Why the heir to the throne is called the Prince of Wales?
- How should one address someone with a title?
- What powers does the Queen have?
- Privy Council
- Why doesn’t Britain have a written constitution?
- What was the Magna Carta?
- Why are Ambassadors sent to the Court of St. James’s?
- How does Britain elect its government?
- Devolution to Scotland and Wales
- What are the origins of the names of the main political parties?
- How is the Speaker chosen?
- What is a ‘whip’ in Parliament?
- Washington
- American originals
- Living in the usa
- Canadian ways
- Toronto
- Ukrainians in canada
- Australia. Land and people
- People and culture
- Aborigines
- Australian ways
- New zealand. Land and people
- New zealand. Customs and traditions
- Customs and traditions
- Cambridge
- American universities
- Engineering as a profession
- Fashion designers
- Designer
- Costume designer
- Graphic design
- Christian Dior Fashion Designer (1905-1957)
- Coco Chanel
- The 1st international scientific practical conference "artificial intelligence - 2000" september 11-16, 2000 katsiveli (crimea, ukraine)
- The expocentre of ukraine
- "Fabrics. Threads. Accessories"
- Fta exhibition
- Bbc world service
- Prehistory of technologies
- Tomas edison
- Internet
- History of the Internet
- Internet café
- Bill Gates
- Balance of Nature
- The Problem of pollution in Ukraine
- Recycling
- Англо-український словник a
- Барамикова Тетяна Василівна