Grammar review (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Active and Passive; Participle I, Participle II)

Ex.7. Read and translate the following sentences. State the tense and voice form of the predicates.

1) The Ukrainian government has decided to resume the construction of the metro, which was stopped because of financial difficulties. A lottery is being organized and 40% of its income will be used to fund the work. 2) The newspaper published the article about a brave engine driver who saved the passengers from a bad accident at risk of his own life. 3) The new supersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than 2 hours. 4) Steel sleepers are particularly valued in desert and tropical regions because great variations in day and night temperatures do not affect them. 5) Japanese Railways has banned the passengers to use their cellular telephones on its commuter trains. The railway company has recently received a lot of complaints because passengers speaking on their mobile telephones are shouting too loud and disturbing others. 6) It was snowing heavily and I couldn’t make out the number of the tram. When I had covered several tram stops, I realized that I got on the wrong tram. 7) Mr. Davis was very nervous when the airplane was taking off because he had never flown before. 8) I was standing at the tram-stop when it began raining. 9) The water was heated to the boiling point.

Ex.8. TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) The Channel Tunnel ___ since 1994.

a) was being used b) has been used c) was used

2) This railway tunnel ___ Great Britain with the Continent.

a) is connected b) is connecting c) connects

2) Fuelling stations ___ along the highway at frequent intervals.

a) situate b) are situated c) are being situated

3) I leased another car, while mine ___.

a) was being repaired b) is being repaired c) had been repaired

4) The electrical equipment ___ by a Japanese firm.

a) will supply b) will be supplied c) will have been supplied

5) During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals.

a) are running b) are run c) run

6) The first automatic drivers ___ on the underground lines.

a) have been tested b) was tested c) are being tested

7) The car ___ too fast for me to see the number plate.

a) was being moved b) will move c) was moving

8) The mechanic ___ the wheel by the time we came.

a) replaced b) has replaced c) had replaced

9) The surveying party ___ the route of the future railway all month long.

a) examined b) has been examined c) was examining

10) He quickly forgot everything he ___ at school.

a) learnt b) had learnt c) was learning

11) John ___ for his exam still; he must be tired.

a) prepares b) has prepared c) is preparing

12) When I ___ this watch, everybody warned me against it.

a) was buying b) is buying c) buy

13) She said that the new time-table ___ on the notice-board yet.

a) was not hung up b) will not be hung up c) had not been hung up

14) The secretary ___ by the director to answer the letter without delay.

a) was asked b) was asking c) has asked

15) The computers ___, it is inevitable that the work will be delayed.

a) don’t work b) are not working c) were not working

*The results of the test: If your score is 13-15 correct answers, you are doing just great; 10-12 stand for good knowledge; 7-9 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.

Ex.9. Match the beginning of the sentence on the left with its ending on the right. Pay attention to the Passive Voice.

1) The experiment… a) been held recently?

2) The mail… b) was constructed three hundred years ago.

3) These machines… c) were being looked for everywhere.

4) When can the new equipment… d) will be described in several journals.

5) Its a pity the concert… e) are often used in professional language.

6) Have any interesting exhibitions… f) is being designed by two well-known architects.

7) Are the orders… g) were built with very simple tools many years ago.

8) If we use the old methods, a lot of time… h) was not recorded.

9) Something important… i) are being tested again.

10) No decisions… j) have been taken yet.

11) This monument… k) was being discussed, so I sat down to listen.

12) Special terms… l) may be wasted and very little be achieved.

13) All these little wooden houses… m) always fulfilled in time?

14) The future terminal… n) is usually brought at 9 a.m.

15) The lost keys… o) be installed?

Ex.10. Read and translate the following sentences using the predicates in the required tense and voice forms.

1) In Great Britain a first-class ticket [to cost – Present Indefinite Active] 50% more than a second-class ticket. 2) They [to give – Past Indefinite Active] him no explanation why the experiment [to stop – Past Perfect Passive]. 3) I [to prefer – Present Indefinite Active] to buy tickets in advance. 4) During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads [to increase – Present Perfect Active] by 27 per cent. 5) The equipment [to deliver – Future Indefinite Passive] in containers from door-to-door. 6) Train fares [to increase – Present Perfect Passive] several times during the past year. 7) The construction of both the bridge and the dam [to complete – Future Perfect Passive] by the beginning of the navigation season. 8) The problem of the old terminal reconstruction [to discuss – Present Continuous Passive] now. 9) The permanent way [to consist – Present Indefinite Active] of rails, sleepers and ballast. 10) The distance between rails [to call – Present Indefinite Passive] the gauge. 11) Be careful! The train [to approach – Present Continuous Active] the station! 12) He appeared on the platform just as the train [to pull out – Past Continuous Active]. 13) A.S. Yartsev [to suggest – Past Indefinite Active] using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788.

Ex.11. Read and translate the word combinations given below into Russian paying attention to Participles I in different functions.

A.

▫ the student attending all the lectures ▫ the bridge linking two islands

▫ the passengers waiting for the train arrival ▫ the roads leading to the centre of the city

▫ the loco developing a speed of 180 km/h ▫ the plant producing machinery

▫ the growing population of the country ▫ the applicants entering the Academy

▫ the engineers carrying out the test ▫ the approaching train

▫ the plane flying very low ▫ the shop selling computers

B.

▫ beginning the experiment ▫ preparing for the exam in English

▫ using new methods of production ▫ not wishing to discuss this problem

▫ moving at a high speed ▫ building the railroad across the desert

▫ entering the compartment ▫ leaving the room

▫ looking out of the window ▫ checking the examination papers

▫ writing the telegram ▫ buying a return ticket

C.

▫ having passed all the exams ▫ having discussed the plan in details

▫ having bought the tickets in advance ▫ having phoned the travel agency

▫ having taken the books from the library ▫ having got a snack

▫ having obtained the necessary data ▫ having put our things on the rack

▫ having booked the ticket by phone ▫ having returned home

▫ having arrived in London ▫ having received an urgent message

Ex.12. Translate the word combinations given below into English paying attention to Participles I in different functions.

А.

▪ прибор, стоящий на столе ▪ пассажиры, спешащие занять свои места

▪ развивающиеся страны ▪ работающий двигатель

▪ студент, изучающий английский язык ▪ инженер, знающий два иностранных языка

▪ перевести следующий текст ▪ поезд, прибывающий через 5 минут

▪ возрастающий объём пассажирских ▪ учёные, принимающие участие в

перевозок конференции

▪ механик, устанавливающий новое ▪ профессор, читающий лекцию

оборудование

В.

▪ изучая иностранный язык ▪ путешествуя по всему миру

▪ сдавая вступительные экзамены ▪ не вдаваясь в подробности [to go into details]

▪ строя мосты и тоннели ▪ испытывая новый двигатель

▪ делая домашнюю работу ▪ проводя эксперимент

▪ не зная, что сказать ▪ переходя улицу

▪ давая совет другим ▪ пытаясь отремонтировать прибор [to try]

C.

▪ окончив институт ▪ опоздав на поезд

▪ получив новую информацию ▪ заказав обед в купе

▪ оставив багаж в камере хранения ▪ уменьшив расходы

▪ внедрив новые методы строительства ▪ проработав 20 лет на железной дороге

▪ проверив билеты у всех пассажиров ▪ приехав на вокзал за два часа до отправления

поезда

Ex.13. Analyze the functions of Participles I in the following phrases and complete the sentences.

▪ 1) (When) discussingthe project…; 2) Scientistsdiscussingthe project…; 3) The scientists were discussingthe project…; 4)Having discussedthe project… .

▪ 1) Having repairedthe engine…; 2) The mechanicrepairingengines…; 3) (While)repairingthe engine…; 4) The mechanic isrepairing… .

▪ 1) The workers constructingthe railway…; 2)Constructingthe railway…; 3)Havingconstructedthe railway…; 4) The workers will beconstructing… .

▪ 1) Installingthe new equipment…; 2)Having installedthe new equipment…; 3) He is installing… . 4) The firminstalling this equipment… .

▪ 1) (While) carrying out the experiment…; 2) The scientists carrying out the experiment… . 3) The scientists are carrying out… . 4) Having carried out the experiment…;

Ex.14. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to Participles I.

1) The road joining the two villages is very narrow. 2) Driving a car in the rush hours, you must be very attentive because traffic is very heavy. 3) Having built the world’s first electric locomotive, Werner von Siemens demonstrated it at the Berlin Exhibition. 4) The first Metro trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. 5) All trains operating on the suburban lines are driven by electricity. 6) Each railway station has at least two tracks, those for the incoming and outcoming trains. 7) Having arrived two days before the conference, he had a lot of time to see London. 8) The number and the spacing of the sleepers depend on the weight of trains passing over the track. 9) The volume of passenger transportation is increased in summertime because many people spend their holidays, traveling all over the country or abroad. 10) They stopped their experiments having obtained the necessary results. 11) Chinese Railways lifted the maximum speed of passenger services to 140 km/h on seven key routes radiating from Beijing (Пекин). 12) Passengers leaving for London were invited to register and weigh their luggage. 13) While unloading the car we found a few broken boxes. 14) The leading role of the railway transport in Russia is explained by the specific territorial, climatic and geographical conditions. 15) When constructing the railway, it is cheaper to use local materials. 16) People living near airports suffer from the noise of taking off and landing jet airliners. 17) In 1840 the USA had 2,800 miles of railroad tracks consisting mainly of short lines. 18) Having measured the distance between two points, we can calculate the time a car can cover it, if we know the car’s average speed.

Ex.15. Read and translate the following sentences replacing the Russian words by their English equivalents.

1) The Oktyabrskaya Railway offers additional discounts for passengers [путешествующих] to Finland with children under the age of 17. 2) We spent an hour or two, [разговаривая] to our friends. 3) [Построив] the dam, they protected the village against flood. 4) In 1786, William Murdock, an English engineer, constructed a [работающую] model of a small steam locomotive. 5) The journey from London to Norwich (184 km) takes exactly two hours, [включая] stops. 6) [Увидев] the green light, we crossed the street. 7) Freight trains [состоящие] of more than 80 cars are hauled by two locomotives. 8) [Ожидая] for the train arrival, I looked through the magazines [лежащие] on the table. 9) [Получив] the telegram she immediately left for Glasgow. 10) At the stop we saw a lot of people [ожидавших] for the bus. 11) Ships are equipped with radar sets [помогающими] them to orient at sea. 12) A new road [соединяющая] the plant with the railway station is being built now. 13) [Оставив] our suitcases in the Left-Luggage Room we went to have a snack. 14) The workers were moving from car to car, carefully [осматривая] them. 15) The bright flowers [растущие] along the railroad track attracted the attention of all the passengers. 16) People [живущие] near railroad tracks often get so used to the sounds of [проходящий] trains that they rarely notice the noise, but their visiting friends can be quite distracted by it.

Ex.16. Form Participles II from the verbs given in brackets and translate the word combinations from English into Russian according to the model.

Model: a [to write] article → a written article (написанная статья)

▫ the distance [to cover]by the train ▫ the[to delay]flight

▫ the [to break]engine ▫ mistakes[to make]in calculations

▫ the [to carry out]plan ▫ railway tickets[to sell]yesterday

▫ the contract [tosign]by two companies ▫ the[to damage]car

▫ freight [to transport]by railways ▫ luggage[to leave] in the Left-Luggage Room

▫ the [to restore]bridge ▫ the[to choose]profession

▫ machinery [to produce]at our plant ▫ the engine[to invent]by R. Diesel

▫ the [to forget]promise ▫ the[to propose]project

▫ [to increase]volume of traffic ▫ a[to force]landing

▫ freight [to deliver]two hours ago ▫[to ensure]minimum of service

▫ the [to overcrowd]bus ▫ fuel[to use] in jet engines

▫ the driver [tofine]for speeding ▫ a train[to control]by an automatic engine-driver

▫ a new super train [to develop]by ▫ new electronic devices[to display]at the

Japanese engineers exhibition

Ex.17. Translate the word combinations given below into English paying attention to Participles II.

▪ локомотив, приводимый в движение электричеством

▪ двигатель усовершенствованной конструкции

▪ железная дорога, построенная для высокоскоростных пассажирских перевозок

▪ застрахованный [to insure] автомобиль

▪ отремонтированный [to repair] участок пути

▪ цифры, упомянутые в докладе [to mention]

▪ полученный результат

▪ оборудование, установленное в лаборатории

▪ вокзал, реконструированный в прошлом году

▪ вагон, используемый для перевозки нефти

▪ новая станция метро, отделанная [to decorate] мрамором и бронзой

▪ машина, сконструированная молодым инженером

▪ экзамены, сданные успешно

▪ билеты, купленные заранее

▪ вещи, оставленные в камере хранения

Ex.18. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to Participles II.

1) The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour. 2) When reconstructed, the railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight trains. 3) The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our professor. 4) I’m not sure that it is possible to repair this badly damaged car. 5) When drawn by an electric locomotive, the train may consist of more than 90 cars. 6) The first British petrol-driven car called “The Knight” moved at a speed of only 8 miles per hour. 7) The first steam engine invented by James Watt was installed in a machine at a large mine to pump out the water. 8) When heated by sun, the rails become longer. 9) The things left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office. 10) The first Siemens’s electric locomotive built in 1879 was so small that the driver straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers. 11) During the test run the steam locomotive produced by Peter Cooper raced against a coach pulled by a horse. 12) Signals installed at frequent intervals along the whole mainline inform the engine drivers of the position of other trains. 13) If compared with electric locomotives, diesel locomotives have a higher maintenance cost. 14) Pieces of broken glass were seen everywhere. 15) Before opened for traffic, the railway lines are carefully inspected and tested. 16) The motor coaches are supplied with electric motors placed under the floor of the coach.

Ex.19. Read and translate the following sentences replacing the Russian words by their English equivalents.

1) One day people will be able to communicate by videophones [установленный]in every flat. 2) The engine[изобретённый]by Rudolf Diesel is one of the greatest inventions of the 20^thcentury. 3) A lot of scientists[приглашённый]to the conference refused to take part in it. 4) Kerosene is a fuel[используемый]in jet engines. 5) The mechanic said that he had replaced the[сломанный]part of the engine. 6) This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the engine[разработанный]five years ago. 7) The Disneyland train[названный]“The Excursion” was built especially for carrying visitors through the Grand Canyon Diorama. 8) The diesel-electric locomotive has an internal combustion engine[присоединённый]to the driving wheels by electric transmission. 9) The TV set[купленный]a few days ago has broken down. 10) In Japan the communication between some islands is provided through underwater tubes[проложенными]on the sea bottom. 11) The wagons with[изолированными] walls, roofs and floors are known as the refrigerator cars. 12) Cascade Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the USA[расположенный]in central Washington was built in 1925-29 to replace shorter, more winding tunnel.

Ex.19. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.

1) The first television set producedquite a sensation in 1939. The first television set wasproducedin 1939. The first television setproducedin 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 2) The new car modeldevelopedby our student design bureau will be shown on TV. The new car model wasdevelopedby our student design bureau. The new car modeldevelopeda speed of 50 miles an hour. 3) The trainsequippedwith robot engine drivers operate on some underground lines. 4) The talks between these two presidents wereconductedbehind theclosed doors. 5) The car suddenlystoppedin the middle of the road. 6) The gas station on the highway wasclosed.7) All the necessary information isstored in the computer. 8) Wheninvented,the steam enginestarted the industrial revolution. 9) Toyota Co., a very successful Japanese company, hasincreasedtheir sales to six million cars and trucks a year. 10) One of the main advantages of the diesel loco is the low cost of the fuelconsumed. 11) Thoughconductedwith great care, the test did not give theexpected results. 12) New technologies reduce the number of workersneeded. 13) Though firstdevelopedfor military purposes, radar can beused in modern cars. 14) Most of the goodsproducedby this factory areexported.15) He bought ausedcar, which broke down the next day. 16) The French military engineer Cugnotconstructedthe firstthree-wheeledmachineequipped with a two-cylinder steam engine. This machinecarried two people at a walking pace. 17) Whenasked why she hadmissedthe train, she said something about her watch being slow.

Ex.20. TEST. Choose the right variant.

1) The cause of the accident was a ___ brake shoe.

a) breaking b) broken c) having broken

2) ___ their tests students handed them in.

a) completing b) completed c) having completed

3) Special signals ___ along the railroads help enginemen drive trains without accidents.

a) installing b) installed c) having installed

4) You can find the telephone number of a specialist ___ computers in any newspaper.

a) repairing b) repaired c) having repaired

5) The plant ___ automobiles was built in our city 50 years ago.

a) producing b) produced c) having produced

6) The typewriter ___ a few days ago has gone wrong.

a) buying b) bought c) having bought

7) ___ all the money he started looking for work.

a) spending b) spent c) having spent