English

Recycling

The massive increase in public concern for protection of the environment has given a new prominence to the recycling industry, which covers everything from the collection of beverage cans and the reclamation of old car bodies to the treatment of industrial sludge.

Recycling is a processing of industrial and household waste (such as paper, glass, and some metals and plastics) so that it can be reused. The great advantage of recycling is that it saves a large proportion of energy needed to manufacture an article from the original raw materials. This is of paramount importance at a time when energy conservation is essential to reduce the use of fossil fuels which contribute to global warming – the greenhouse effect.

For instance, there is a 62 per cent energy-saving in the use of recycled scrap ferrous metal. The saving arises because the scrap is almost pure metal and the original impure ore.

Materials which are recycled are less expensive than primary raw materials and offer a considerable cost advantage to industry.

Recycling also avoids the need to dump large quantities of used materials in landfill sites, a process which is unpopular with the public and can have dangerous environmental side-effect. This is particularly important at a time when the cost of using good landfill sites has steady increased.

Above all, recycling is an important means of reducing dependence on finite natural resources. It offers the potential for averting the crisis often predicted by conservationists – a world eventually running out of raw materials.

Today, recycling is a major activity in the industrialized countries. Advanced technology is used to collect, sort and process materials that are discarded by industry or the public.

Technical advances mean that valuable metals from such complex equipment as computers and other electronic machines are recovered, instead of ending up on the scrap heap. Furthermore, used oils can be recycled as lubricants for industry and transport, while rubber from old types can be transformed into mats and carpet underlays.

Despite this activity, environmental pressure groups are highly vocal in their dissatisfaction with the scale of recycling.

Додаток 4

№ п/п	Початкова форма	Форма минулого часу	Дієприкметник (дієприслівник) минулого часу	Переклад
	abide	abided, abode	abided	перебувати, жити
	arise	arose	arisen	піднятися,виникнути
	awake	awoke, awakened	awoken	будити, прокинутися
	bear	bore	born, borne	нести, народжувати
	beat /bi:t/	beat /bi:t/	beaten /bi:t(ə)n/	бити
	become	became	become	ставати
	begin	began	begun	починати
	bend	bent	bent	згинати(ся)
	beseech	besought, beseeched	besought, beseeched	благати
	beset	beset	beset	оточити
	bet	bet	bet	закладатися
	bid	bade, bid	bid, bidden	пропонувати ціну
	bind	bound	bound	зв’язати
	bite	bit	bitten	вкусити, кусати
	bleed	bled	bled	стікати кров’ю
	bless	blessed, blest	blessed, blest	благословити
	blow	blew	blown	дути
	break	broke	broken	(з)ламати
	breed	bred	bred	вирощувати, розводити
	bring	brought	brought	приносити
	broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	транслювати
	browbeat	browbeat	browbeaten	залякувати
	build	built	built	будувати
	burn	burned, burnt	burned, burnt	горіти,спалити
	burst	burst	burst	розірватися,вибухнути
	bust	bust (BrE), busted (esp AmE)	bust (ВrE), busted (esp AmE)	розбиватися, закінчуватися поразкою
	buy	bought	bought	купувати
	cast	cast	cast	кидати, відливати (метал)
	catch	caught	caught	ловити, піймати
	choose	chose	chosen	вибирати, обирати
	cleave	cleaved, cleft, clove	cleaved, cleft	розсікти
	cling	clung	clung	чіплятися
	clothe	clothed	clothed	одягнути
	come	came	come	приходити
	cost	cost	cost	коштувати
	creep	crept	crept	повзти
	cut	cut	cut	різати
	dare	durst,dared	dared	сміти, наважитися
	deal	dealt /delt/	dealt /delt/	мати справу з
	dig	dug	dug	копати
	dive	dived, dove (AmE)	dived	пірнати
	do	did	done	робити
	draw	drew	drawn	тягнути, малювати
	dream	dreamed, dreamt	dreamed, dreamt	мріяти, бачити сни
	drink	drank	drunk	пити
	drive	drove	driven	гнати, їхати
	dwell	dwelt, dwelled	dwelt, dwelled	жити, мешкати, зупинитися на якомусь питанні
	eat	ate	eaten	їсти
	fall	fell	fallen	падати, впасти
	feed	fed	fed	годувати
	feel	felt	felt	відчувати
	fight	fought	fought	битися
	find	found	found	знаходити
	flee	fled	fled	бігти, тікати, рятуватися
	fling	flung	flung	кинути
	fly	flew	flown	літати
	forbid	forbade, forbad	forbidden	забороняти
	forecast	forecast	forecast	передбачати, прогнозувати
	forget	forgot	forgotten	забути,забувати
	forgive	forgave	forgiven	пробачити
	freeze	froze	frozen	заморозити
	get	got	got (BrE), gotten (АmЕ)	отримати
	gild	gilt	gilt	позолотити
	give	gave	given	давати
	go	went	gone	йти,ходити
	grind	ground	ground	перемелювати
	grow	grew	grown	рости
	hamstring	hamstrung	hamstrung	підрізати (крила)
	hang	hung, hanged	hung, hanged	(по)вішати
	have	had	had	мати,володіти
	hear	heard	heard	чути
	heave	heaved, hove	heaved,hove	напружуватися, підніматися
	hew	hewed	hewed, hewn	рубати,тесати
	hide	hid	hidden, hid	ховати(ся)
	hit	hit	hit	вдарити, бити
	hold	held	held	тримати(ся)
	hurt	hurt	hurt	завдати болю
	input	inputted, input	inputted, input	вводити, ввести
	interweave	interwove	interwoven	вплітати
	keep	kept	kept	зберігати, тримати
	kneel	knelt, kneeled (esp AmE)	knelt, kneeled (esp AmE)	ставати навколішки
	knit	knitted, knit	knitted, knit	плести, в’язати
	know	knew	known	знати
	lay	laid	laid	класти, покласти
	lead	led	led	вести, очолювати
	lean	leaned, leant (esp BrE)	leaned, leant (esp BrE)	спиратися, спертися
	leap	leapt, leaped (esp AmE)	leapt, leaped (esp AmE)	стрибати, скакати
	learn	learned, learnt	learned, learnt	вивчати, вчитися
	leave	left	left	залишати
	lend	lent	lent	позичати, позичити
	let	let	let	дозволити
	lie	lay	lain	лежати
	light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted	освітлювати
	lose	lost	lost	губити
	make	made	made	робити
	mean	meant	meant	означати, мати на увазі
	meet	met	met	зустрічати(ся)
	mistake	mistook	mistaken	помилитися
	misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood	неправильно зрозуміти
	mow	mowed	mown, mowed	косити
	pay	paid	paid	платити, сплачувати
	plead	pleaded, pled (esp AmE)	pleaded, pled (esp AmE)	прикликати
	prove	proved	proved (also proven AmE)	виявитися
	put	put	put	класти
	quit	quit	quit	залишати, звільнятися
	read	read/red/	read/red/	читати
	rid	rid	rid	позбавитися
	ride	rode	ridden	їхати верхи
	ring	rang	rung	дзвонити
	rise	rose	risen	піднятися
	run	ran	run	бігти, бігати
	saw	sawed	sawn, sawed	пиляти
	say	said	said	сказати
	see	saw	seen	бачити
	seek	sought	sought	шукати
	sell	sold	sold	продавати
	send	sent	sent	надсилати
	set	set	set	встановити, встановлювати
	sew	sewed	sewn, sewed	шити
	shake	shook	shaken	трясти
	shave	shaved	shaved, shaven	голити
	shear	sheared	shorn, sheared	стригти
	shed	shed	shed	скинути
	shine	shone, shined	shone, shined	сяяти
	shoe	shod	shod	взувати(ся)
	shoot	shot	shot	стріляти
	show	showed	shown, showed	показувати
	shrink	shrank, shrunk	shrunk	скорочуватися, стискатися
	shut	shut	shut	закривати
	sing	sang	sung	співати
	sink	sank, sunk	sunk	зануритися
	sit	sat	sat	сидіти, сідати
	slay	slew	slain	вбивати
	sleep	slept	slept	спати
	slide	slid	slid	ковзати
	sling	slung	slung	підвішувати
	slink	slunk	slunk	відходити, відступати
	slit	slit	slit	розірвати, розкрити
	smell	smelted, smelt (esp BrE)	smelled, smelt (esp BrE)	пахнути, смердіти, нюхати
	smite	smote	smitten	вдаряти, вражати
	sow	sowed	sown, sowed	сіяти
	speak	spoke	spoken	говорити
	speed	sped, speeded	sped, speeded	прискорювати(ся)
	spell	spelled, spelt (esp BrE)	spelled, spelt (esp BrE)	писати або вимовляти по буквах
	spend	spent	spent	витрачати, проводити
	spill	spilled, spilt (esp BrE)	spilled, spilt (esp BrE)	розлити
	spin	spun, span	spun	прясти
	spit	spat (also spit AmE)	spat (also spit AmE)	плювати, сплюнути
	split	split	split	розщеплювати
	spoil	spoiled, spoilt	spoiled, spoilt	псувати
	spread	spread	spread	розповсюджувати(ся)
	spring	sprang (also sprung AmE)	sprung	виникати
	stand	stood	stood	стояти
	stave	staved, stove	staved, stove	пробити,запобігти
	steal	stole	stolen	красти
	stick	stuck	stuck	приклеїти
	sting	stung	stung.	вжалити, пекти (про біль)
	stink	stank, stunk	stunk	смердіти
	strew	strewed	strewn, strewed	сіяти
	stride	strode	stridden	ступати,крокувати
	strike	struck	struck	бити, бастувати
	string	strung	strung	нанизувати,натягати
	strive	strove, strived	striven, strived	намагатися
	swear	swore	sworn	присягатися
	sweep	swept	swept	мести
	swell	swelled	swollen, swelled	напнутися
	swim	swam	swum	плавати
	swing	swung	swung	качатися
	take	took	taken	брати, взяти
	teach	taught	taught	навчати, викладати
	tear	tore	torn	розірвати
	tell	told	told	розповідати
	think	thought	thought	думати
	thrive	thrived, throve	thrived	процвітати
	throw	threw	thrown	викидати
	thrust	thrust	thrust	штовхати
	tread	trod	trodden	ступати, виконувати танець
	understand	understood	understand	розуміти
	wake	woke, waked	woken, waked	прокидатись
	wear	wore	worn	носити (одяг)
	weave	wove, weaved	woven, weaved	плести, ткати
	wed	wedded, wed	wedded, wed	одружувати(ся), вінчати
	weep	wept	wept	плакати
	wet	wetted, wet	wetted, wet	змочувати, робити вологим
	win	won	won	перемогти, виграти
	wind /waind/	wound	wound	заводити (механізм)
	withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn	взяти назад
	withhold	withheld	withheld	відмовлятися, утримуватися
	withstand	withstood	withstand	чинити опір
	wreak /ri:k/	wreaked, wrought/rƆ:t/	wreak, wrought /rƆ:t/	наносити, нанести
	wring	wrung	wrung	скрутити, стиснути
	write	wrote	written	писати

Додаток 5

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