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grammar to zf

Прикметник Граматика: Прикметник The Adjective.

Прикметники в англійській мові не змінюються ні за числами, ні за родами, ні за відмінками:

a round table круглий стіл

round tables круглі столи

a young man молодий чоловік

a young woman молода жінка

an old worker старий робітник

an old worker's son син старого робітника

Прикметники в англійській мові змінюються лише за ступенями порівняння. Якісні прикметники в англійській мові мають основну форму (the positive degree), вищий ступінь порівняння (the comparative degree) і найвищий (the superlative degree).

Форми вищого і найвищого ступенів порівняння прикметників можуть бути, як і в українській мові, простими і складеними.

Прості форми ступенів порівняння утворюються додаванням до основної форми прикметника закінчення -ег у вищому і -est [ist] у найвищому ступені. Перед прикметником у найвищому ступені, що виконує функцію означення, завжди вживається означений артикль the: cold colder the coldest (day)

холодний холодніший найхолодніший

Складені форми ступенів порівняння утворюються додаванням до основної форми прикметника слова more більш у вищому ступені і most найбільший — у найвищому.

dangerous more dangerousthe most dangerous (thing)

небезпечний більш небезпечний найнебезпечніший

Прості форми ступенів порівняння мають:

а) усі односкладові прикметники:

short shorter the shortest

б) двоскладові прикметники, що закінчуються на -у, -ег, -le,-ow:

heavy heavier the heaviest

clever cleverer the cleverest

simple simpler the simplest

narrow narrower the narrowest

в) двоскладові прикметники з наголосом на другому складі: polite politer the politest

severe severer the severest

Складені форми ступенів порівняння мають усі багатоскладові прикметники (з кількістю складів більше двох), а також двоскладові прикметники з наголосом на першому складі, крім тих, що закінчуються на - у, -er, -ie, -ow:

difficult more difficultthe most difficult

famous more famousthe most famous

Примітка. Прикметники, ступені порівняння яких звичайно утворюються за допомогою закінчень-ег, -est, можуть мати також складені форми ступенів порівняння, але вони вживаються дуже рідко, здебільшого з метою підсилення.

Ступені порівняння прикметників good добрий, хороший і bad поганий утворилися від інших коренів:

good better the best

bad worse the worst

Прикметники old старий та far далекий мають дві форми вищого й найвищого ступеня:

old older, elder the oldest, the eldest

far farther, further the furthest, the farthest

Форми elder і eldest вживаються, коли йдеться про членів однієї сім'ї (my elder brotherмій старший брат), але якщо при порівнянні є слово than ніж, то вживається форма older, а не elder (he is three years older than his sister).

Обидві форми farther і further вживають, коли говорять про відстань, further, крім того, має ще значення дальший, наступний.

  1. Практичні завдання

Вправа 1. Утворіть ступені порівняння таких прикметників.

Big, heavy, short, dirty, clean, near, bad, famous, little, much, clever, good, expensive, cheap, important, pale, hot, beautiful, large, practical, fat, early, pretty, happy, bright, dark, dry, flat, fresh, full, quick, late, nice, rich, sad, thin, thick, wet, weak, funny, easy, lazy, ugly, comfortable, quiet, far.

Вправа 2. Виконайте вправу, використовуючи ступені порівняння прикметників.

Sue's car isn't very big. She wants a biggercar.

This house isn't very modern. I prefer more modern... houses.

  1. You're not very tall. Your brother is ....

  2. Bill doesn't work very hard. I work ....

  3. My chair isn't very comfortable. Yours is

  4. Jill's idea wasn't very good. My idea was ....

  5. These flowers aren't very nice. The blue ones are

  6. My case isn't very heavy. Your case is ....

  7. I'm not very interested in art. I'm ... in history.

  8. t isn't very warm today. It was ... yesterday.

  9. These tomatoes don't taste very good. The other ones tasted ....

  10. Britain isn't very big. France is ....

  11. London isn't very beautiful. Paris is ....

  12. This knife isn't very sharp. Have you got a ... one?

  13. People today aren't very polite. In the past they were ....

Вправа 3. Виконайте вправу, використовуючи вищий ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. This building is very old. It's .... the oldest building...in the town.

  2. It was a very happy day. It was ... of my life.

  3. It's a very good film. It's ... I've ever seen.

  4. She's a very popular singer. She's ... in our country.

  5. It was a very bad mistake. It was ... I've ever made.

  6. It's a very pretty village. It's ... I've ever seen.

  7. It was a very cold day. It was ... of the year.

  8. He's a very interesting person. He's ... I've ever met.

Вправа 4. Виконайте вправу, використовуючи необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. Which is (long) day of the year? 2. Winter is (cold) season. 3. Moscow is (large) than St. Petersburg. 4. My friend's car is not so (new) as my car.

  1. Where is it (beautiful), in the mountains or near the sea? 6. It was (good) meal I've ever had. 7. It was (bad) cold I've ever had. 8. In spring the days are (long) than in winter. 9 It is (cold) today than it was yesterday. 10. The Russian grammar is (difficult) than the English one. 11. The Caucasus are (high) mountains in Europe. 12. Friendship is (strong) than steel. 13. (Long) day has an end. 14. Health is (good) than wealth.

Вправа 5. Виконайте вправу, використовуючи необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. Oil is (light) than water. 2. We shall wait for a (dry) day to go on the excursion. 3. A bus is (fast) than a tram. 4. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box. 5. He clearly did not like the explanation, and as he listened to it, became (angry) and (angry). 6. He worked hard and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer. 7. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 8. Please be (careful) next time and don’t spill the milk again. 9. Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister. 10. Her eyes are (gray) than mine. 11. He was the (fat) man in the village. 12. As he went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy).13. My sister is the (tall) girl in her class. 14. Who is the (attentive) student in your group? 15. It is autumn.

Every day the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 16. This is the (beautiful) view I have ever seen in my life. 17. Your handwriting is now (good) than it was last year; but still it is not so (good) as Nick’s handwriting. Nick has a (good) handwriting than you. And of course, Nellie has the (good) handwriting of all.

Вправа 6. Виконайте вправу, використовуючи необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. The Trans-Siberian railway is (long) in the world. 2. The twenty-second of December is the (short) day of the year. 3. Iron is (useful) of all metals. 4. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) than the Moskva River. 5. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains. 6. His plan is (practical) than yours. 7. His plan is (practical) of all. 8. This room is (small) than all the rooms in the house.

  1. London is the (large) city in England. 10. Silver is (heavy) than copper. 11. Our house is (low) than yours. 12. This exercise is (good) than the last one. 13. My cigarettes are (bad) than yours. 14. Yesterday was the (hot) day we have had this summer. 15. When the war ended, the reconstruction of Moscow was resumed on a (large) scale than before. 16. The Battle of Stalingrad was the (great) battle of all times.

  1. Підсумкові тести з граматики

  1. Доберіть необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. She speaks in а (голосніше ) voice than the last time. a) the loudest; b) more loud; c) louder; d) loud.

  2. They leave (найшвидший) way they can.

a) quick; b) quicker; c) more quick; d) the quickest.

  1. A whale is (довше) than a dolphin.

a) longer; b) more long; c) long; d) the longest.

  1. The three musicians play on (нова ) stage.

a) new; b) newer; c) the newest; d) more new.

  1. Is it (дешевше) to go there by car or by train ?

a) more cheaper; b) the cheapest; c) cheaper; d) cheap.

  1. This is (найбільша ) problem she has ever had. a) great; b) more great; c) the greatest; d) greater.

  2. Do you know that the Dead Sea is a (соляне) sea ? a) salty; b) saltier; c) the saltiest; d) more salty.

  3. My case isn’t very (важкий).

a) heavier; b) the heaviest; c) heavy; d) the most heavy.

  1. Your case is (важче).

a) heavy; b) heavier; c) the most heavy; d) more heaviest.

  1. The weather was not very good yesterday, but it' s (краще) today. a) good; b) the best; c) better; d) goodder.

  2. Of the two skirts, that one is the (найкраща). a) smart; b) smartest; c) smarter; d) most smarter.

  3. I' m not so (сильний ) as a horse.

a) stronger; b) strongest; c) strong; d) the most strong.

  1. China has got (найбільше) population in the world. a) larger; b) more largest; c) the largest; d) large.

  2. Of the three girls, this one is the (найсимпатичніша). a) pretty; b) more pretty; c) prettiest; d) prettier.

  1. Доберіть необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. These trousers are too small. I need ( більший) size. a) the largest; b) more large; c) large; d) larger.

  2. Which is (менш за все) five, fifteen or fifty ? a) little; b) less; c) the least; d) littler.

  3. Susan is (найкраща) person in the whole world.

a) wonderful; b) wonderfuller; c) more wonderful; d) the most wonderful.

  1. He is also a (більш чемний) person than Paul.

a) polite; b) politer; c) more polite; d) the most polite.

  1. She has (найважча) job of all.

a) the most difficult; b) more difficult; c) difficult; d) difficulter.

  1. I think dogs are (більш розумний) than cats.

a) clever; b) the most clever; c) more clever; d) the cleverest.

  1. Don’t talk about them. Let' s talk about something (більш цікавий)

a) interesting; b) more interesting; c) the most interesting; d) more interest.

  1. Money is important, but it isn’t (найважливіша)Ш^ in life.

a) important; b) importantest; c) the most important; d) more important.

  1. I suppose you know him well probably (краще) than anybody else. a) better; b) the best; c) good; d) more good.

  2. This room is not so (зручна) as that one on the first floor.

a) more comfortable; b) comfortable; c) the most comfortable; d) more comfortabler.

  1. He spoke English (гірше) than expected. a) bad; b) worst; c) worse; d) badder.

  2. Happiness is (більш важлива) than money.

a) important; b) the most important; c) more important; d) importanter.

  1. I can' t understand what you are saying. Could you speak a bit (голосніше)?

a) the loudest; b) more loud; c) loud; d) louder.

  1. My mother was feeling tired last night so she went to bed (раніше) than usual.

a) early; b) earlier; c) the earliest; d) more early.

  1. Доберіть необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. The more you study, the (розумніше) you will become. a) smarter; b) smart; c) the smartest; d) more smarter.

  2. The weather is much (гірше) today.

a) badder; b) the worst; c) worse; d) bad.

  1. A train is the (найбільш незручне) place to sleep in.

a) uncomfortable; b) more uncomfortable; c) most uncomfortable; d) uncomfortabler.

  1. Nick looks (старше) than his elder brother. a) old; b) more old; c) older; d) the oldest.

  2. Watermelons are (солодше) than lemons.

a) sweeter; b) sweet; c) the sweetest; d) more sweet.

  1. Einstein is one of the (найрозумніший) scientists who ever lived. a) intelligent; b) intelligenter; c) most intelligent; d) more intelligent.

  2. Flying is much (швидше) than traveling by car. a) fast; b) faster; c) more fast; d) fastest.

  3. My bag is (дешевше) than yours.

a) cheap; b) more cheap; c) cheaper; d) the cheapest.

  1. February is the (найкоротший ) month in the year. a) shortest; b) short; c) shorter; d) more short.

  2. Moscow is (більше) than our city.

a) more large; b) the largest; c) larger; d) large.

  1. Our flat is (більш затишна) than yours.

a) the most comfortable; b) comfortabler; c) more comfortable; d) comfortable.

  1. The Russian language is (важче) than English language.

a) difficult; b) difficulter; c) more difficult; d) the most difficult.

  1. Petrov is (молодше) than Ivanov.

a) young; b) younger; c) more younger; d) the most young.

  1. Ann Smirnova is the (найкраща) pupil in the class. a) good; b) better; c) the best; d) gooder.

  1. Доберіть необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. This is the (найгарячіше)summer we have ever had. a) hottest; b) hotter; c) hot; d) more hot.

  2. She was (найпопулярніша) girl in the school.

a) popular; b) popularer; c) the most popular; d) more popular.

  1. She is (щасливіша) now than she was last year.

a) happier; b) happy; c) more happier; d) the most happy.

  1. This exercise is (важче) than the last one.

a) difficulter; b) the most difficult; c) more difficult; d) difficult.

  1. The Pacific is (найбільший) ocean in the world. a) large; b) larger; c) the largest; d) the most large.

  2. Clare is (старше) than Mike.

a) the oldest; b) more old; c) older; d) old.

  1. My (старша) daughter is married.

a) the eldest; b) more old; c) elder; d) old.

  1. Everest is (найвища) mountain in the world.

a) high; b) higher; c) the highest; d) the most high.

  1. Modern furniture is (простіша) in design than old-fashioned furniture. a) more simple; b) the most simple; c) simple; d) simpler.

  1. It' s (легше) to wash clothes with an automatic washing machine than by hand.

a) easier; b) easy; c) easiest; d) more easy.

  1. A big house is usually (дорожчий) than a small one.

a) expensive; b) more expensive; c) expensiver; d) the most expensive.

  1. This tent is (більше) than the one you sent before. a) large; b) larger; c) the largest; d) more large.

  2. A detached house is (більше) than a flat. a) bigger; b) big; c) the biggest; d) more big.

  3. Nothing can be (приємніше) than a swim on a hot day. a) nice; b) nicer; c) the most nice; d) more nice.

  1. Доберіть необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників.

  1. A first-floor flat is (зручніша) than a top-floor flat.

a) convenient; b) convenienter; c) the most convenient; d) more convenient.

  1. Half a loaf is (краще) than no bread.

a) better; b) the best; c) good; d) goodder.

  1. The weather was (гірше) yesterday than it is today. a) bad; b) badder; c) the worst; d) worse.

  2. The doctor’s house was the (найстаріший) in the street. a) old; b) more old; c) the oldest; d) older.

  3. Venice is (найнезвичайніший) city I have ever visited.

a) unusual; b) unusualer; c) more unusual; d) the most unusual.

  1. That was the (найцікавіший) film I have watched for years.

a) most interesting; b) more interesting; c) interesting; d) interestinger.

  1. Young Mary is becoming (миліше) every day.

a) more pretty; b) the most pretty; c) pretty; d) prettier.

  1. A Rolls-Royce is one of the (найдорожча) cars in the world.

a) expensive; b) expensiver; c) the most expensive; d) more expensive.

  1. Who is (найстарший) man in this town?

a) the oldest; b) old; c) older; d) the most old.

  1. She was (наймудріша) woman I have ever met. a) the wisest; b) wiser; c) wise; d) more wise.

  2. The Sahara Desert is one of (найгарячіша) of the world’s deserts. a) hotter; b) more hot; c) the hottest; d) hot.

  3. The coach thinks that Mike is (найвправніший) player of the tennis

team.

a) skillful; b) skillfuller; c) more skillful; d) the most skillful.

  1. He is (найгірший) driver I have ever seen. a) the worst; b) worse; c) bad; d) badder.

  2. John is a good violonist but he is not (краще) than James. a) good; b) more good; c) better; d) the best.

Граматика: Числівник The Numeral