9Meat processing 10oil refining centre nNasa (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

• плодоносний;

• кукурудза;

• вигодовувати худобу;

• товари широкого вжитку;

• займатися (чим-небудь);

• переробка м’яса;

• нафтопереробний центр;

• національне управління з аеронавтики та дослідження космічного простору.

Ukraine possesses considerable potential in such sectors of the economy as machine engineering, aerospace, telecommunications, textile, clothing, footwear, and agriculture (due to its unique black soil).

Furthermore, Ukraine has a powerful defence industry, significant scientific potential and has shown considerable achievements in the field of designing brand¹new technologies that meet international standard requirements².

Machine engineering and military industrial complexes have started to produce about 200types of new products which had not been manufactured in Ukraine before. Among them are food-processing machinery, medical equipment, transportation vehicles, construction materials and equipment, small

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farming machines and home appliances .

Ukraine’s major industrial area is in the south-east, namely the Donbas and the Prydniprovye region (Kryvyi Rih coal basin, Zaporizhia, and Dnepropetrovsk). Concentrated here are coal mines, iron and manganese ore deposits, metallurgical plants relating to the chemical, petrochemical and machine building plants and power stations.

Among the 150 branches of the national economy, one of the leading is ferrous metallurgy.

In the field of non-ferrous metallurgy⁴, Ukraine holds the monopoly in the CIS in the manufacture of metallic titanium which is of vital importance for the economy.

The Ukrainian chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers, soda, chemical fibres, plastics and other products.

The petrochemical industry of Ukraine is capable of refining 62 million tons of crude oil⁵per year.

Words

¹brand -фабрична марка;

Requirements - вимоги;

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home appliances - техніка домашнього вжитку;

⁴non-ferrous metallurgy -кольорова металургія;

⁵crude oil -сира нафта.

Glimpses of history¹of money

At different periods of time and in different parts of the world many different commodities have served as money. These commodities were: cattle, sheep, furs, leather, fish, tobacco, tea, salt, shells etc. The experts underline that to serve effectively as money, a commodity should be fairly durable, easily divisible, and portable. None of the above-mentioned commodities possessed all these qualities, and in time they were superseded by precious metals.

First they were superseded⁴by silver and later by gold.

When a payment was made the metal was first weighed out. The next stage was the cutting of the metal into pieces of definite weight and so coins came into use. Paper money first came into use in the form of receipts given by goldsmiths in exchange for deposits of silver and gold coins. After goldsmiths became bankers their receipts became banknotes. That's how the first banknotes came into existence⁵. At first coins were worth⁶their face value⁷as metal. But

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later token coins of limited value as legal tender were issued. Now smaller denomination coins are made from bronze and are often referred to as coppers. Bigger denomination coins are made from cupronickel and are usually called silver.

Words

glimpses of history ²commodity

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above-mentioned ⁴to supersede ⁵to come into existence ⁶worth ⁷face value ^otoken coin

• дещо про походження;

• предмети вжитку;

• вищезгаданий;

• замінювати;

• виникнути, з’явитися;

• ціна;

• номінальна вартість;

• розмінна монета.