5 Тести та завдання

Виконуючи тести та завдання, ще раз зверніть увагу на особливості вживання модальних дієслів та їх еквівалентів (таблиця 1).

Test 1. Виберіть необхідне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

1. My sight is getting worse.

Next year, I’m afraid, I … read without glasses.

1. can not b) may not c) won’t be able to

2. Don’t you see I’m tired? You … me, darling.

1. might have … helped b) could … help c) may … help

2. Police, firefighters, newspaper reporters and radio broadcasters … work on holiday in the USA.

a) could b) might c) must

2. The real history of the period between 1688 and the middle of the eighteenth century … summed up in three words: accumulation of capital.

1. need be b) will be able to be c) can be.

2. The power of knowledge … placed in the hands of decent people.

1. should be

b) ought to be

c) need to be.

2. We … commemorate great people.

1. must

b) need to

c) may

7. Whatever else the government … to undertake its duty is to keep order in civil society.

1. must try

b) might try

c) may try

8. No museum … ever … buy even one painting by this artist.

1. has … been able to

2. might … have

3. has … been allowed to.

9. Twelve delegates representing scientific groups from several countries arrive for six days of talks at the end of February.

a) will be able to

b) will be to

c) will have to

10. … you … get up early yesterday to meet the delegation at the airport?

a) Did … have to

b) Had … to

c) Have … had to

Test 2. Вставте потрібне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

1. You … take care of your parents

1. should b) ought to c) are to

2. The leopard … not change his sports.

1. need b) can c) ought

2. We … learn from the past.

1. may b) need c) must

2. Teenagers who commit crimes … be treated as adults and sentenced to the punishment.

1. would b) should c) ought to

2. The Senate and the House of Representatives … approve a bill for it to become a law.

1. had to b) must c) was to

2. Excuse me, … you tell me the way to the House of Parliament, please?

1. could b) may c) will

2. … you come and sit down?

1. Could b) Are c) Won’t

2. … you like a cup of coffee?

1. Should b) Would c) Could

2. I … mind a drink, if you care for another glass of wine.

1. shouldn’t b) wouldn’t c) haven’t

2. … you comeand present a newideato theaudience?

1. Are b) Could c) Won’t

Test 3. Виберіть модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

1. You will … speak Spanish in another few months.

A. can C. be able to

B. have D. ought to

2. I’d like.. skate.

A. to can C. to have to

B. to be able to D. could

2. Nobody …answer the phone.

A. should C. can

B. would D. must

4. I’m sorry. I … have phoned to tell you I was coming.

A. should C. had to

B. ought to D. could

5. To my mind, the government … take care of old people.

A. ought to C. must

B. need to D. may

6. I … get up early on Mondays.

A. am able C. must

B. have to D. may

7. The policeman told the woman she … worry.

A. needn’t C. couldn’t

B. needn’t to D.didn’t have to

8. … you mind passing me the salt?

A. will C. could

B. should D. would

9. As you … remember, I was always interested in scientific experiments.

A. may C. must

B. have to D. ought to

10. Little children like books with large print. They … read them easily.

A.can C. must

B. shall D. ought to

2. … I speak to Jane, please?

A. could C. must

B. shall D. ought to

2. My dentist says I … eat so many sweets.

A. needn’t C. ought not

B. mustn’t D. shouldn’t

13. – Why hasn’t Mr. Grill got in touch with us?

- I don’t know. It … be that he has lost our phone number.

A. may C. must

B. ought to D. should

14. – Lui seems to be avoiding you.

– I can’t tell you for certain. She … have been hurt by my words about her boyfriend.

A. should C. might

B. must D. needn’t

Test 4. Вставте необхідне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент.

1. What time tomorrow … Isee you?

A. can C. could

B. have to D. will be able to

2. I … just hear what he has told them.

A. can C. to have to

B. could D. will have to

2. I … write a messageto him because I have his address.

A. could C. will be able to

B. can D. will have to

2. I … write a messageto him because I hadn’t his address.

A. can’t C. wasn’t to

B. couldn’t D. will not be able to

2. We … do all these exercises in five minutes.

A. can C. will be able to

B. couldn’t D. weren’t to

2. Oleg … swim when he was six years old.

A. can C. was to

B. will have to D. could.

2. … we go into your garden now, aunt?

A. can C. could

B. may D. might

2. Frederick asked if he … borrow Tom’s bicycle.

A. can C. might

B. may D. is able to

2. Charles asked his aunt if he … smoke in the sitting – room.

A. can C. might

B. may D. could

2. Aunt Margaret said that he could comebut he … not.

A. may C. isn’t allowed to

B. might D. wasn’t able to

Test 5. Вставте доречне модальне дієслово.

1. We asked mother if she thought it … rain.

A. may B. can C. might

2. I … hear every word you said.

A. may B. . could С. can

2. Henry … lift that heavy box right now.

A. may B. will haven’tC.can

2. You have worked hard all day, you … be tired.

A. can Bmust C..will

2. - I can hear Brown’s phone ringing but no one is answering it.

- Oh, they … be at home.

A. mustn’t B. might not С. can’t

2. - Must I come at four o’clock?

- Oh, no, you … come at four, it’s too early.

A. can’t B. needn’t C. shouldn’t

2. Remember, you … be too late or all the best cakes may be gone.

A. mustn’t В. can’t C.needn’t

2. But I … go home first to put on another frock.

A. can B. mayC. must

2. I … see the dentist tomorrow about my bad tooth.

1. canB.shall have to C. must

2. They … run if they want to catch the train.

1. mustB.will have to C. will be able to

Test 6. Виберіть доречний модальний еквівалент, що підходить за змістом.

1. I … go to the dentist yesterday about my bad tooth.

1. have to B.will have to C. had to

2. We … clear away the snow before we can get to the gate.

1. must B. may C. needn’t

3. I … read the story to the end ’cause I want to see who gets the treasure.

1. may B. can C.must

2. Little girl … open the box of chocolates until her sister comes home.

1. mayB. mustn’tC. can’t

2. – I want to go home to put on another frock.

– Oh, you … do that. The frock you’re wearing is very nice.

1. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t

2. Oh, yes. I must change my frock, but you … worry, I’ll be in time.

1. mustn’t B. couldn’t C.needn’t

2. You … do the work this evening, it is not urgent.

1. needn’t В. couldn’t С . mustn’t

2. I told him that he … have saidthose silly things.

1. needn’t B. shouldn’t С. can’t

2. You … sit there in your wet clothes, you will catch cold if you do.

1. needn’t В. mustn’t С. mayn’t

2. They … do all the exercises, it will be enoughif they do four of them.

1. needn’t В. mustn’t С. can’t

Test 7. Виберіть необхідне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент з запропонованих нижче.

1. We … go away just yet; our train doesn’t leave for half an hour yet.

1. mustn’t В. needn’t С. mayn’t

2. I … give an answer at once.

1. can В. must С. may

3. They … leave the house because the new owner wants to movein.

1. must В. can С. may

4. “You … spend all your money”, his mother said.

1. mustn’t В. can’t С. couldn’t

5. – Fred, it’s your bed – time. You … go to bed now.

1. may В. must С. can

6. Yesterday Mrs. Green toldher daughters that they … help her with the work in the house.

1. must В. might С. had to

7. Ellen, you’re big enough, you.. dust the sitting – room.

1. can В. must С. may

8. You, Mary … make the beds. You’re not a kid any more.

1. can В. are able to С. must

9. Yesterday Margaret was very busy. She … mend daddy’s clothes.

1. must В. may С. had to

9. Today Lillian will not go for a walk. She … help her mother in the vegetable garden.

1. must В. had to С. might

Test 8. Вставте необхідне модальне дієслово або його еквівалент з поданих нижче.

1. A word in English …often have more than one meaning.

1. must В. may С. can

2. You … usea(an) with countable nouns.

1. can’t В. can С. couldn’t

2. You …usea(an)with uncountable nouns.

1. can’t В. can С. may

2. The wood belonged to lord Northwood, a rich gentleman, and no one … go there.

1. can’t В. could С. may not

2. One … break a piece of a chalk.

1. could В. couldn’t С. can

2. But one … have the “whiteness” of the chalk without the chalk.

1. can В. can’t С. could

2. One of the men asked Serhiy if he … tell them what the weather would be like for the followingfew days.

1. can В. might С. could

2. These old people know more of the secrets of nature than our science … tell us.

1. will be able to В. will be allowed to С. can

2. Although it was foggy I … see the car in the distance.

1. can B.could С. might

2. She thought she … finish her work by seven o’clock.

1. may B. might С. could

Виконуючи завдання, що подані нижче, зверніть увагу на визначники часу, які супроводжують часові зміни в реченнях з модальними дієсловами та їх еквівалентами.

Task 1. Змініть час в реченнях на майбутній, вживаючи слова в дужках.

1. He can’t speak to you now ( in an hour ).

2. They can’t buy a new piano ( in August ).

3. Tom can’t leave hospital now ( in a fortnight ).

4. I can’t take the watch to the watchmaker today ( the day after tomorrow ).

5. They can’t speak English well now ( in a year or two ).

6. You can’t open a visa to Spain at present ( in a month ).

Task 2. Змініть час в реченнях на минулий, зробіть їх заперечними. Вживайте слова в дужках.

1. I can meet you today ( last night ).

2. I can go with you now ( an hour ago ).

3. The students can translate well now ( three months ago ).

4. Roger can play the violin well ( a few years ago ).

5. He can come tonight ( yesterday morning ).

6. She can cure her children herself (last year).

Task 3. Замініть наведені речення на запитальні, вживаючи дієслова can/could для висловлення сильного сумніву.

1. They know how to get there.

2. She is trying so hard to please everybody now.

3. He is telling the truth now.

4. He knows the language quite well.

5. Children like to play here.

Task 4. Поставте речення в заперечну форму, вживаючи дієслово can/could для висловлення сильного сумніву.

1. He understands every word you say.

2. She really likes that inquisitive child.

3. She is crying.

4. They are criticizing everything we do very much.

5. We hear strange sounds through the closed window.

Task 5. Поставте речення в минулий час, вживаючи правильну форму інфінітива.

1. It can’t be so difficult after all.

2. You cannot know this.

3. But she cannotmean it.

4. He can’t like the place.

5. They can’t be very tired.

Task 6. Утворіть речення, які виражають заборону, вживаючи дієслово can. Вживайте подані нижче комбінації слів.

1. to cross the street here;

2. to write in pencil;

3. to take pictures here;

4. to raise one’s voice;

5. to please everybody.

Task 7. Утворіть речення для вираження дозволу, вживаючи дієслово can. Використовуйте такі комбінації слів.

1. to take smb’s book;

2. to have milk with one’s coffee;

3. to leave the child with the grandparents;

4. to drop in at a shop;

5. to use one’s dictionary.

Task 8. Поставте розділові запитання до речень.

1. Smoking can be very bad for health, …?

2. Your sister can cook very well, …?

3. You couldn’t ride a bicycle when you were six, …?

4. John couldn’t play chess when he was young, …?

5. No one can open the door, …?

Task 9. Перепишіть речення, вживаючи дієслово can..

1. Mary is sometimes very rude.

2. All of us are occasionally forgetful.

3. This medicine is often very good for the flu.

4. A foreign language is often of great value to us.

5. This child is frequently very annoying.

Task 10. Утворіть речення, які виражають дозвіл, вживаючи дієслово may. Кожне речення починайте з “You …” .

1. open the window.

2. go and watch the TV program.

3. leave the office as soon as you have finished.

4. take my car.

5. take two books home with you.

6. speak to the secretary.

7. have a copy of the letter.

8. see Mr. Jones.

9. have a sweet.

10. take your book.

Task 11. Виберіть модальне дієслово should, shouldn’t, may, mustn’t, might, яке найбільше підходить. Напишіть варіант відповіді.

1. The baby is asleep. You … shout.

2. We’ve got plenty of time. We … hurry.

3. You … come if you don’t want to.

4. This book is very valuable. You … lose it.

5. We have enough food at home. So we … go shopping today.

6. Tom gave me a letter to post. I … forget to post it.

Task 12. Виберіть модальне дієслово, яке найкраще підходить за змістом. Дайте свій варіант відповіді.

1. (Can, may, must) you speak English?

2. I (can, may) jump off this box, but I (can’t, may not ) jump off that wall.

3. (May, must) I have a cup of tea, please?

4. (May, must) I take a biscuit, Mum?

5. I (can, may) type this letter for you. Don’t worry.

Task 13. Виберіть модальне дієслово, яке найбільше підходить.

1. (May, can) I come in?

2. ( Can, must) you go now?

– Yes, I (can, have to) leave immediately.

2. (Did you have to, could you) take a taxi?

– I’m afraid I (had to, might).

2. (May, must) I smoke here?

Task 14. Виберіть форму модального дієслова, яка найкраще підходить.

1. (Can, must) you get up early tomorrow morning? – Yes, I’ll have to get up at 6 o’clock.

2. (Do we have to, may we) walk to the station? - No, we (needn’t, may not). We can catch a bus.

3. Hasn’t your friend arrived yet? How long (have you had to, may you) wait for him? I (may, have had to) wait for two hours.

4. (may I, had I to) speak to you now?

Task 15. Виберіть модальне дієслово, яке найбільше підходить.

1. My daughter (can, may, must) already read.

2. He (can, need) run fast.

3. I (can, must) go to the library. I have time to work there.

4. If you want to speak good English you (may, can, must) work hard.

5. I (mustn’t, needn’t) water the flowers now, it’ll rain soon.

6. I (had to, can) get up very early yesterday.

Task 16. Виберіть дієслово (a,b), яке найкраще підходить.

1. You must … a fool to think so.

a) be b) to be

2. Mind, you must not … it all at once.

a) spend b) to spend

2. I must … some shopping before school.

a) do b) to do

2. She must … . It’s five to ten already.

a) hurry b) to hurry

2. The pupils must … their classroom.

a) clean b) to clean

2. Everybody must … in for sports.

a) go b) to go

Task 17.Виберіть дієслово (a,b), яке найбільше підходить за змістом речення.

1. Our pupils can … good English.

a) speak b) to speak

2. We can … a month’s holiday in summer.

a) take b) to take

2. The boy can’t … a box.

a) lift b) to lift

2. Can I … with you for a while?

a) sit b) to sit

2. You can’t … the street here.

a) cross b) to cross

2. What poems can you …?

a) recite b) to recite

Task 18.Виберіть форму дієслова (a,b), яка найбільше підходить.

1. The teacher told my friend that she must … at the meeting.

a) speak b) be speaking

2. The line is busy; someone must … the telephone now.

a) use b) be using

2. Bob is absent. He must … ill now.

a) be b) have been

2. He is having a walk. He must … better

a) be feeling b) have felt

5. She must … at the library now because all of her books are gone.

a) study b) be studying.

6. Ann must … married because she does not attend classes.

a) have got b) be getting

Task 19. Виберіть форму дієслова (a,b), яка найбільше підходить в реченні.

1. The streets are wet: it …have rained last night.

a) should b) must

2. The pen won’t write, it’s ink… haverun out.

a) can b) must

2. My friend must … yesterday.

a) be called b) have called

2. The ring that I was looking at in the jewelry store is gone. Someone else must … it.

a) buy b) have bought

2. He doesn’t have his keys; he must … them in his case.

a) lock b) have locked

2. I don’t see Martha anywhere. She must … in the garden.

a) be left b) have been left

Task 20. Виберіть дієслово (a,b), яке найбільше підходить.

1. Whatever you decide, you mustn’t … thinking about the prospects.

a) stop b) have stopped

2. I must … the room twice a day. It’s stuffy here.

a) air b) have aired

2. The pupils must … this performance last year.

a) see b) have seen

2. Your friend is absent today. He must … ill.

a) be b) have been

2. She must … this translation tomorrow.

a) have done b) do

2. Think how she must … now.

a) suffer b) be suffering

Task 21. Виберіть дієслово (a,b), яке найбільше підходить.

1. He can’t … English for ten years.

a) be teaching b) have been teaching

2. You’ve only just had dinner. You can’t … hungry already.

a) be b) have been

2. Can he … at home now?

a) be b) have been

2. They can’t … for us now.

a) wait b) be waiting

2. The boy can’t … his way. He knows the city well.

a) be losing b) have lost

2. Can they … this question now?

a) be discussing b) have been discussing

Task 22. Виберіть дієслово (a,b), яке найкраще підходить.

1. She could … fluently when she was six.

a) read b) to read

2. The pupil could not … the problem.

a) solve b) to solve

2. Could it … so late now?

a) be b) to be

2. The boy could not … a lie.

a) be telling b) tell

2. Could you … me your pen?

a) lend b) to lend

2. Theycould not …adecent man.

a) have insulted b) to have insulted

Task 23. Виберіть дієслово, яке найбільше підходить.

1. Children may … books from the school library.

a) borrow b) to borrow

2. May I … your excursion?

a) join b) to join

2. The director is alone. You may … him in his office.

a) see b) to see

2. You may … a taxi by telephone.

a) order b) to order

2. She may … this magazine till Monday.

a) keep b) to keep

2. He mustnot … the room until I say so.

a) leave b) to leave

Task 24. Виберіть форму дієслова, яка найбільше підходить.

1. He may … the letter but the signature is certainly not his.

a) be writing b) have written

2. Her daughter may … at school now. She hasn’t come yet.

a) be b) have been

2. She may … her bag in the shop. She hasn’t lost it.

a) be leaving b) have left

2. My son may … at his report now.

a) be working b) have been working

2. They may … French for two years.

a) be learning b) have been learning.

2. She may … the dictionary already.

a) be buying b) have bought

Task 25. Виберіть дієслово, яке найбільше підходить.

1. You might … the parcel for me.

a) carry b) to carry

2. Might I … you?

a) join b) to join

2. Might I … a word to you?

a) speak b) to speak

2. She might … the window.

a) have broken b) to have broken

5. It is late. The child might …

a) be sleeping b) to be sleeping

6. The manager might … in his office.

a) be b) to be

Task 26. Виберіть дієслово, яке найбільше підходить.

1. He is … Mother at the station at 6 p.m.

a) meet b) to meet

2. We had … him all the details the day before.

a) tell b) to tell

2. You needn’t … here if you don’t want to.

a) stay b) to stay

2. They ought not … in pencil.

a) write b) to write

2. The tourists will be able … the village before darkness.

a) reach b) to reach

2. She should … better care of her health.

a) take b) to take

Task 27. Висловiть такі речення в минулому часі. Зробіть всі необхідні граматичні зміни.

1.That is all I can do for the moment.2. We can’t allow you to leave withoutasking about your new job. 3. Your paper may be published at our Institute. 4. My friend is satisfied that he may work at the computing center for students of our faculty. 5. Every student must know that our professor is well-known for his great inventions. 6. The students must know the rules of behaviour in the hostels as well as contract obligations. 7. An electronic calculator can add, subtract, multiply and divide. 8. Information or data can be stored in the computer’s memory or storage. 9. You may go to the student’s club while you have your summer holidays. 10. You can gain time by holding out there as long as possible.

Task 28. Перефразуйте такі речення, вживаючи, де можливо, модальне дієслово can.

1. The event has proved that atomic research was impossible to do without Kurchatov’s genius. 2. You are almost a scientist, Ihor, I am unable to recognize you. 3. She was able to continue her research with a reasonable amout of accuracy. 4. She had not slept since midnight. 5. She had not been able to begin her own research since she figured out her disadvantageous position. 6. I was never able to think that I could make the benefit of this cooperation. 7. I am deeply disappointed. I am not able to work at my experiment for days and weeks like a real scientist. 8. She will be able to answer your question about outstanding scientists who worked in the field of nuclear physics. 9.It is possible to gpoup similar elements according to their position in Mendeleyev’s table.

Task 29. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на функції модальних дієслів.

1.Your English is quite good for a beginner. You canread English books in the original. 2. Do you think thatthe word “phase” when properly used in technical terminology can be referred to time? 3. Can you imagine that only similar substances become electrified or acquire electrical charges, being touched together and then separated? 4. Do you think that the force developed by the generator can depend on the number of coils in the armature as well as on the speed of rotation? 5. Can you know anything about electrically charged particles? 6. Do you know that any two dissimilar substances could be electrified? 7. Do you know that the atom can be regarded as an electrical system? 8. Can you tell us anything about famous scientists in the field of physics? 9. Do you think that it was Yoffe who formulated a systematic theory of semiconductors? 10. Can’t you think that a long series of experiments enabled the scientist to succeed in the physics of semiconductors?

Task 30. Перекладіть нижченаведені речення українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на модальне дієслово may, яке виражає припущення.

1. Minerals and crystals may possess properties whitch increase with heating and decrease with cooling. 2. Today a group of students may have practical training in the laboratory of semiconductors. 3. The teacher might ask the students about the properties and uses of semiconductor materials. 4. Investigations of the properties of radioactivity may show the strength of the radiation to be independent of any influences. 5. This device may be adapted for the study of radioactivity. 6. You might have heard the name of the outstanding scientist, academician Serhiy Korolyov. 7. You might tell us anything about the application of semiconductors. 8. You may know that semiconductors can generate heat from electricity. 9. You might have heard the name of the great scientist, academician I.Kurchatov.

Task 31. Скажіть, в якому значенні вжито модальне дієслово may в нижченаведених реченнях. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. It might have been years before mankind put all the efforts into the development of atomic industry. 2. They might have completed a series of experiments. 3. I suppose he might have discovered the way of conducting these experiments. 4. This may have been the right way of splitting the atom. 5. May it be the truth that these scientists made a major discovery in nuclear physics? 6. May it have been his own contribution into neuron research? 7. We might even suggest that the most important discovery was still ahead of us. 8. Only a long series of experiments may enable the scientists to find high-performance systems. 9. It might have taken a lot of time before all the data compiled by Yoffe enabled him to formulate a systematic theory of semiconductors.

Task 32. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на форму інфінітива, що вживається після модальних дієслів may, might.

1.The career of scientist Kurchatov might have served as a model for any young scholar. 2. He might be slow but he was very sure in his research. 3. It might arouse suspicion but the ideas of K. Tsiolkovsky were far in advance of his time. 4. It might have been Victor’s research or it might have been some other student’s one. 5. From the first years of Lomonosov’s work at the Academy of Sciences he might have carried on a struggle for the development of science and culture. 6. Did you know that a stream of electrons in a circuit might develop a magnetic field around the conductor along which the electrons were moving? 7. It might have been static electricity or it might have been electric current. 8. One may obtain a continuous supply of electrical charges by two general methods. 9. Electrons may accumulate at the end of the wire and their repulsion back along the wire may stop the current flow. 10. You may show the experiment of charging an electroscope from a distant point by means of a long copper wire and a charged rubber rod. 11. The electron tube may depend for its action on a stream of electrons that act as current carriers. 12. These attractive surface forces tend to keep the electrons within the cathode substance except for a small portion that might have sufficient kinetic energy (energy of motion) to break through the barrier.

Task 33. В нижченаведених реченнях вставте модальні дієслова can, may, must у відповідних формах.

1. Our scientists…place automatic devices on the moon. 2. The cosmic flights have shown that man’s abilities…be unlimited. 3. These reactions… give mankind an inexhaustible source of energy. 4. But here we… come up against the question of how new sources of energy… be utilized. 5. Your efforts with these reactions… give incomparably more energy than in the previous experement. 6. This young scientist… find some new ways of using the atomic energy. 8. One …foresee that in the next century three long-term sources of energy will be available. 9 …our University undertake some studies to solve difficult energy problems? 10. ...fusion have any advantages over fission?

Task 34. Поєднайте модальне дієслово may/might з правильною формою інфінітива, що в дужках.

1. I know the concept that may (to bring) him success. 2. It may (to mean) that the determining factors in those reactions should (to be) different from the previous. 3. On Friday the results of your research might (to expect) to arrive at the University laboratory. 4. You may (to tell) me something about the application of semiconductors. 5. May the properties of minerals (to increase) with heating and may they (to fall) with cooling? 6. May I (to mention) the new properties of minerals in my report? 7. It was unwise of him to hurry like that because he might (to rush) towards a group of students waiting for their monitor and (to ask) them what to do next. 8. Possibly our groupmates may (to have) practical training in the laboratory of semiconductors. 9. Our teacher of physics may (to arrange) a short quiz next week. 10. You may (to fail) in your exam in chemistry if you don’t study hard.

Task 35. Перекладіть подані речення українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на форму інфінітива з модальним дієсловом must.

1. Man must use his intelligence in order to create conditions under which his talents can develop. 2. In the application of electronic instruments the engineer must have knowledge of their characteristics. 3. There must be some important works in the field of chemistry in our library. 4. This student must have known something about the experimental work. 5. These raw materials found in the crust of the earth must be very important. 6. Some substances must have existed as crystals of different forms upon given conditions. 7. The visible side of the moon must have been already studied. 8. Friction is an important force that must be dealt with in nearly all kinds of motion. 9. These results obtained by Tsiolkovsky must be followed by a number of very important works. 10. One must note that the amount of electricity on any proton is exactly the same as that on an electron.

Task 36. Перекладіть українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на виділені конструкції. Складіть свої власні речення за допомогою цих конструкцій.

1. I must tellyou that there are dozens of ways of liberating electrons from atoms. 2. You must remember that the matter is composed of atoms. 3. You must not forget that an electron is very small and that it has a very small mass. 4. You must let me know if a small electrical current is flowing in this conductor. 5. You must admit that Yuri Gagarin was the first who penetrated the spheres where no human being had ever been before. 6. You must admit that Ukrainian scientists have given the possibility to perform technological progress. 7. You must remember that the weight of the proton is always less than the whole weight of the atom. 8. But I must tell you that the nucleus of hydrogen contains only one proton.

Task 37. Дайте переклад речень з першого по п’яте українською мовою. Завершіть речення англійською мовою, починаючи з шостого.

1. You must allow me to say that radio is playing an increasing part in human life. 2. You mustn’t think that radio is insignificant nowadays. 3. I must say that radar has many peaceful uses. 4. You must be surprised that very small atomic batteries have already been constructed. 5. I must begin by saying that semiconductors occupy a position between conductors of electric current and non-conductors. 6.It must be wonderful… 7.You must let the teacher know…8.You mustn’t worry… 9. I must say that… 10. I must begin by saying… 11.It must be splendid… 12. You shouldn’t rely upon… 13. I’d like to tell you… 14. You must be sure that… 15. He must let me know that… 16. She must be astonished to learn… 17. He is not likely to find out that…

Task 38. Завершіть наведені речення, вживаючи модальне дієслово ought to.

1. You don’t know the characteristics of a semiconductor diode, I must say. You … . 2. Our new groupmate doesn’t know much about these substances. He… . 3. You look rather exhausted after the exams, I must say. You … . 4. Your experiments are very useful but everyone says they must be more practical. You … . 5. He doesn’t know about the current flow in semiconductors. He … . 6. Our students should be interested in lectures of such kind. They … . 7. Did you really spend our winter vacations at home? You … . 8. Do you really sit up so late in the laboratory? You … . 9. Our group came to the experimental workshop too late. We … . 10. Yesterday we were late for classes of electric systems and networks. We … .

Task 39. Дайте переклад українською мовою та вкажіть, в якому значенні вжито дієслово should: як модальне чи допоміжне.

1. I was really upset that he should speak so little about condensers as I knew the material perfectly well. 2. Why should the Exibition of students’ achievements not be opened in a day or two? 3. I wondered if I should ask the teacher about the imaginary condenser. 4. I should confess that now I can’t give an example of this kind of substances. 5. The scientists of our country should predict the future of power engineering. 6. I should like to know how the magnet loses some of its magnetism. 7. My friend told himself that he should not be too disappointed if he couldn’t give the proper answer about nuclear energy. 8. I should like to take this opportunity of telling you that these materials can generally be divided into some categories. 9. I wondered if I should know so much about such kinds of liquids. 10. I wonder if my groupmates should help me in preparing this experiment.

Task 40. Прочитайте і перекладіть нижченаведені речення, звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти.

1. Every student must know that information or data can be stored in the computer’s memory or storage. 2. I was pleased when I was allowed to work at the computing center. 3. Our students are allowed to visit the computing center to see the operation of the most modern computers. 4. Every student must know about the physical properties of matter. 5. Every student of our speciality has to know the important property of atoms. 6. What may occur when atoms are close together? 7. Some operations for this computer have to be changed and new instructions have to be added. 8. You should know the difference between these kinds of substances. 9. We ought to help him to solve the problem by a personal computer. 10. We were permitted to attend the conference dedicated to conductors and semiconductors.

Task 41. Завершіть нижченаведені речення з модальним дієсловом should, вживаючи опрацьовану лексику технічних текстів.

1. I should know…. 2. You should never have told the professor … . 3. You should be grateful our teacher … . 4. He shouldn’t speak about semiconductors that … . 5. Perhaps we should do the research and find out … . 6. I should like to know … . 7. The results of our experiment should be … . 8. Our groupmates should … . 9. The latest achievements of up-to-date computing should … . 10. You should have reminded me … .

Task 42. Завершіть нижченаведені речення, вживаючи еквіваленти модальних дієслів.

1. Today the students of our group … to learn the fundamental principles of coding and programming. 2. My friend … to perform the computations clearly and accurately. 3. Every student … to know the stages in programming. 4. The students involved in the project … to know what reasonable operations should be performed a succession. 5. A good enginneer … the latest achievements of modern electronics. 6. Today our students … to be instructed by the professor. 7. To perform reasonable operations a computer … know the way of accepting data. 8. An educated man … to say what he means in suitable words and expressions. 9. A well-educated man … at least one more language besides his own. 10. Every modern engineer … to understand scientific methods and … to get some elementary knowledge of at least one science.

Task 43. Перекладіть українською мовою речення з модальним еквівалентом to be, який виражає заплановану дію.

1. This week every student of our scientific club is to speak at the conference. 2. Our laboratory assistant is to demonstrate a new electronic device at 5 o’clock p.m. 3. Today you are to pass the exam in mathematics at 2 o’clock after classes. 4. Our group is to check up the results of the experiment. 5. Tomorrow at 12 o’clock we are to solve this problem by a computer. 6. The data of computations are to be written in the form of tables. 7. We are to meet a well-known scientist at 2 p. m. 8. According to the time-table you are to begin your classes at 8.15 in the morning. 9. This post-graduate is to present his thesis in the conference hall at 10 o’clock a.m. 10.You are to learn at least one foreign language besides your own, my friends.

Task 44. Перекладіть українською мовою нижченаведені речення з модальним дієсловом must та його еквівалентами.

1. Electrical engineering must deal with all kinds of electrical instruments and devices. 2. Every educated person must have heard about French mathematician Pascal who invented the first mechanical computer. 3. A modern engineer must work at research laboratories, at design institutes, at plants, at hydropower stations, etc. 4. When working with these building blocks our engineers have to invent new ways of using them. 5. All our groupmates have to work hard during the students’ summer practice. 6. One has to find a way out of a difficult situation. 7. The authorities of our university must provide the most necessary equipment for medical apparatuses. 8. On completion of studies all students must present their graduation theses or take the finals. 9. If you want to do a post-graduate course you must pass entrance examinations. 10. The study process must be planned with the use of computers.

Task 45. Дайте переклад нижченаведених речень українською мовою та вкажіть в якому значенні вжито дієслово to have.

1. I have a close friend in our group. 2. To take this trend a young person must have scientific aptitude, imagination, initiative and good judgement. 3. In our country housing construction must have been carried out on a large scale since the downfall of the empire. 4. If you want to be a qualified engineer you have to know the scale and the specifications of this field. 5. The electrons must have performed a certain amount of work to overcome the restraining surface forces and to escape from the surface of the material. 6. To do this work the electrons must have sufficient energy imparted to them from some external source of energy. 7. Engineering must have been defined as a kind of science by which natural forces and materials are utilized in structures, machines or mechanisms for man’s benefit. 8. The students who are on duty in the laboratory have to switch off the devices in time. 9. Serhiy has to use these data in his experimental work. 10. We will have to listen to the lecture on accident prevention.

Task 46. Дайте переклад нижченаведених речень,звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти.

1. Before carrying out this experiment Oleh had to examine all the instruments carefully. 2. In our country great progress must be achieved in developing all branches of science and engineering. 3. During this lecture the students must be told about a number of problems connected with the development of radio electronics. 4. Scientists could not improve radar without making numerous investigations in this branch of radio engineering. 5. When testing this device you were able to show the desired results. 6. The device being applied at our plant may be quite necessary. 7. One can be sure that every application of electricity in modern life depends upon Faraday’s discovery. 8. Scientists had to make a great number of investigations to improve radar equipment. 9. The radio operator was able to determine the exact location of a distant object. 10. We shall be allowed to switch on a radio set in a few minutes. 11. The booklet “Fault-Tolerant Codes” must have been already published in Ukrainian. 12. The article “The Golden Section in the Measurement Theory” must be included in the prestigious American magazine.

Task 47. Змініть теперішній час на минулий в нижченаведених реченнях. Зробіть всі необхідні зміни.

1. He has to take his examinations next month. 2. The post-graduates may carry on research at the laboratories and shops of the Universities and Institutes. 3. Our scientists are able to make great contributions to the development of world science. 4. Vasyl can enter the University in two years. 5. The students of our group must apply to the library for scientific literature every month. 6. My friend is allowed to carry on research at the laboratory of our University. 7. This young man can achieve good results in his work. 8. Your work must be of great value to us. 9. Once admitted, the students must study 5 years. 10. In their final year they have to write theses based on the work done in their speciality or they are to take state examinations. 11. Chinese students of our university can celebrate their New Year on the 6-th of February.

Task 48. Перефразуйте нижченаведені речення, вживаючи дієслово to be в його модальному значенні. Зробіть всі необхідні зміни.

1. It was planned that the students should wait for the teacher in the reading hall. 2. It is planned that the meeting must take place in a week. 3. It is planned that my friends should make a report at our conference tomorrow. 4. It is agreed that the students must perform their laboratory work at 2 o’clock p.m. 5. It was agreed that chemists should gather at the conference hall at 10 o’clock a.m. 6. It is planned that students will have their business trip to Kyiv next week. 7. It is settled that two students from our group will begin this research. 8. It was arranged that our monitor would meet the guest-professor from Poland at the railway station. 9. The conference is supposed to be held in the main building of the University. 10. The dean of our department is expected to be present at the meeting dedicated to self-government. 11. It is planned that the prospectus on the development of self-correcting analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters will be published next year. 12. It is planned that the portraits with the biographies of our university professors will be put on the central wall near rector’s councel hall. 13. The musicle “We believe in love” dedicated to the Saint Valentine’s Day is supposed to be held on Monday at 6 p.m. 14. It is arranged that the delegation from Belgium will be accepted today at 11 a.m. 15. It is settled that school-leavers will write tests in May this year.

Task 49. Перефразуйте нижченаведені речення, вживаючи модальне дієслово to be. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. It is agreed that you should ring me up at 6 o’clock. 2. The meeting is postponed till 12 o’clock p.m. 3. The train is late for 2 hours. 4. I am supposed to have my summer vacation in July. 5. According to the plan all students will arrive today at 2 o’clock. 6. It is planned that many students in the higher classes begin to do independent research. 7. I am supposed to write a thesis in June. 8. It is agreed that we should make an experiment in the laboratory at 2 o’clock. 9. I am expected to help my friend to demonstrate the experiment during the conference. 10. My friend is expected to receive state allowance next month. 11. He is believed to be involved in this activity on his own accord.

Task 50. Вставте, де необхідно, частку to. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. Organic chemists would be able … make materials better and more versatile. 2. Chemists realize that the giant molecules must … be composed of a large number of smaller atoms connected end-to-end. 3. We know that each molecule of cellulose must … be made of strings of simple glucose molecules. 4. We have about 40 materials at our disposal which can … be used as monomers. 5. The story of man’s civilization may … be called the story of his study of nature and application of his knowledge in practice. 6. If we are…make effective use of the principles and measurements of physical science, we must … have a workable knowledge of mathematics. 7. By measuring the changes of the paths of satellites we can…find out how much atmosphere exists there. 8. All students must ... have strong wish to obtain knowledge. 9. One should not … think that students are interested only in lectures and seminars. 10. You are not able … see an individual atom since every atom is very small.

Task 51. Замініть теперішній час на майбутній в нижченаведених реченнях. Вжийте еквіваленти модальних дієслів, якщо необхідно.

1. At present a qualified building worker must be able to read a technical drawing, he must know the scale and the specifications. 2. The building profession nowadays may attract many young people. 3. Those who enter the profession of a builder must have scientific aptitude, imagination, initiative and good reason. 4. An architect has to think not only of what he wants the building to look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. 5. The efforts of an engineer and the constructor may be directed toward the same goal. 6. The application of engineering fundumentals and analyses to construction activities may reveal methods of improving the quality. 7. The engineer should study every major item to determine if it is possible to reduce the cost of the project. 8. It may be possible to change the design and to modify the requirements for construction. 9. A specialist should be certain in architectural methods which may provide challenging prospects.

Task 52. Поєднайте модальне дієслово need з правильною формою інфінітива, що в дужках.

1. I don’t see that you need ( to worry), Serhiy.You know the subject quite well, I hope. 2. You needn’t (to take) some advice of your friend. You are not the worst student. 3. You needn’t (to come ) so early. The exam will start at 10 o’clock. 4. You don’t need ( to ask) the professor about this article. It’s already written correctly. 5. You needn’t (to explain) this rule to the students again. 6. I need (to explain) this exercise once more. It is a difficult one. 7. I needn’t (to ask) permission to use this magazine. It belongs to me. 8. You needn’t (to worry) about your homework every day. You’re a diligent student.

Task 53. Встановіть, в яких реченнях дієслово need є модальним, а в яких – функціональним. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. This experiment is quite difficult. You need years of studying and training to succeed in it. 2. You needn’t worry. You have a great variety of conference proceedings at your disposal. 3. I need some help, Victor. I want to study the scale and specifications of the building. 4. I need a supply of existing modern materials. 5. Listen, Martha. You needn’t write about very ancient structural components in your report. 6. You needn’t worry about your thesis. All you really need is to include the new material. 7. I think you need to speak with this outstanding person. He can help you a lot. 8. I need some more scientific experiments. 9. You needn’t bother about my trip to Kyiv, Mum. My friends will go with me. 10. This chapter needs rewriting. It needs to be rewritten. 11. You needn’t pay for your studies in advance. You may pay the whole sum twice a year.

Task 54. Перекладіть українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на виділені конструкції. Складіть свої власні речення, вживаючи ці конструкції.

1. I’m sure you need not be nervous. The atmosphere during the exam is very friendly. 2. You need not trouble the professor once more. He has already delivered his lecture. 3. Our groupmates are never late for their classes. You need not worry about it. 4. We need not go further with this experiment. I think we did our best in this case. 5. At present we need not go on with the discussion of the subject. Everything is very clear about your research. 6. Peter need not discuss this matter further. He has already got an exellent mark. 7. Do you need to read my article once more? 8. You need not be nervous about your future. You will definitely find a good job. 9 You need not worry about your term paper. All calculations are correct.

Task 55. Завершіть нижченаведені речення. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. You needn’t trouble … . 2. You needn’t stay at the University … . 3. You needn’t speak about …. 4. You needn’t be afraid that … . 5. My friend needn’t tell the teacher … . 6. I wish we needn’t … . 7. You needn’t worry about … . 8. You needn’t have been worrying about the exam … . 9. You needn’t bother the professor … . 10. You needn’t tell our tutor about your problems in the hostel once more … .

Task 56. Завершіть подані речення модальним дієсловом need.

1. The report was too long, you … . 2. Your answer was incorrect, you… . 3. You’ll have to wait until the conference is over, you … . 4. Entering college requires a complete secondary education, you’ll … . 5. You will not be provided with all necessary books, you … . 6. My friend has not enough money, he … . 7. If you don’t want to fail in the exam, you … . 8. I can hear you perfectly well, you … . 9. The weather is fine,we … . 10. Your suitcases are not heavy, you … . 11. Your textbook looks shabby. It … . 12. Her heart was torn by grief, she … .

Task 57. Складіть короткі діалоги, вживаючи наведені речення. У запитаннях використайте модальне дієслово must.

1. You needn’t write your report in details. 2. You needn’t do everything possible to finish your research till Monday. We have enough time. 3. You needn’t take care of the job in summer. You will definitely get a grant in September. 4. You needn’t pay for your studies. College tuition is completely free. 5. You needn’t explain your point of view to the audience. It’s quite clear from your report. 6. You needn’t bother your parents with request for money. You will get your scholar-ship this semester. 7. As for attending higher school regularly you needn’t bother yourself. There is part-time and correspondence education at our University. 8. You needn’t worry about your examination period. All correspondence students are given paid vacations twice a year.

Task 58. Дайте відповіді на запитання, звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти.

1. Do you have to get up earlyevery day? 2. When do you have to get up not to be late for classes? 3. Does your mother have to wake you up? 4. Did you have to get up early yesterday? 5. When did you have to get up? 6. Did you have breakfast today or did you have to go to the university without it? 7. Why do you sometimes have to go to the university without breakfast? 8. Did you go to your native town last week-end or did you have to stay in the hostel? 9. Why did you have to stay in the hostel? 10. Have you got to stay at home this week-end or are you going to the country? 11. Why must we prepare all tasks given by teachers? It’s impossible!

Task 59. Поставте модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти в правильну форму. Вжийте, де необхідно, частку to.

1. Foreign students … study at the preparatory department. 2. The students … decide themselves which department to choose. 3. The course of tuition … last 5 years. 4. Our University … train intelectually developed young people. 5. Theory … be combined with practice. 6. The students of technical universities … pass state exams in foreign languages. 7. The students … be trained for research work. 8. The majority of pupils … begin doing independent research in the higher forms. 9. Every fourth-year student … write a Bachelor thesis or sit for state examinations. 10. Today we … meet at the stadium for playing football. 11. Practical cultural training at VNTU … give students versatile knowledge of arts, poetry, music, etc.

Task 60. Вкажіть значення модальних дієслів і дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. Don’t you think that aluminium must be very expensive? 2. Aluminium alloys can possess the strength of steel though having less weight. 3. Cows may give good milk, but there must be cool, heat-reflecting aluminium roofs on their dairy barns. 4. Nearly indestructible, aluminium can be remelted over and over. 5. All metals including mercury can be melted. 6. The temperature in the container must not have been very high. 7. You ought to mention more important properties of those metals. 8. The engineer had to consider all the characteristics of transformers. 9. The students have to learn all the peculiarities of non-ferrous metals. 10. You must also explain why soft iron has higher permeability than steel.

Task 61. Поєднайте модальні дієслова з правильною формою інфінітива, що в дужках. Перекладіть українською мовою.

1. I think the exam ought (to start). 2. Something new must (to do) in this field of physics during the experiment. 3. What process must the raw materials (to be; to subject) to? 4. How can silicon (to be; to purify) further? 5. The third-year students ought (to know) the amplifying effect of these devices. 6. Concrete can ( to be; to devide) into two classes. 7. Builders must (to use) two types of new building materials. 8. The water used for mixing cement, lime and plaster must (to be; to clean) reasonably. 9. You ought (to be able to; to explain) the quality of building materials on the exam. 10. You must (to know) what kind of crystals can be used for transistors. 11. Your proposal about our scientific cooperation in the area of the AMD processors must (to be) rather challenging.

Task 62. Завершіть нижченаведені речення. Перекладіть їх українською мовою.

1. Thestudentsmusthaveknownthematerialbecause … . 2. IthinkIshouldmake clear this point of view … . 3. I think I must wait next to our class-room because … . 4. I was sorry to bother the professor during the lecture but I had to announce … . 5. You needn’t be nervous about the exam because … 6. Later he was to learn that … . 7. You don’t have to answer all the questions as … . 8. We’ll have to do something about our research … . 9. She is to meet me at the dean’s office at 2 p.m. because … . 10. You ought to be able to differentiate between semiconductor characteristics as … . 11. Some dissertations must have been defended on the problem because … .

Task 63. Перекладіть нижченаведені речення українською мовою. Зверніть увагу на вживання модальних дієслів shall/should на відміну від допоміжного дієслова shall, яке утворює майбутній час.

1. I have promised my friend that his book shall be returned tomorrow. 2. If you can’t do the research yourself come to me and you shall have my assistance. 3. In a few years you shall have a diploma of a qualified engineer. 4. You shall have all modern conveniences in the hostel. 5. If you choose this profession, you should know higher Mathematics on a proper level. 6. You shall learn the importance of non-metallic insulators which have practically no free elecrtons available to conduct current. 7. You shall remember the major properties of building materials for the coming exam. 8. You should know about the modern concept concerning the nature of electricity. 9. All you sow, you shall mow.

Task 64. Перекладіть нижченаведені речення, в яких модальне дієсловао shall використовується для вираження запитання про подальшу вказівку. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. The exam is starting.Shallwe take our seats and be ready to answer? 2. Shall we go to the dean’s office right now? 3. Shall I show you, Serhiy, what I have found during the experiment? 4. Shall we go and have a cup of coffee during the next break? 5. Shall the professor be here tomorrow to continue the debate I’ve started? 6. Shall our group go and start the work now? 7. Oleh’s grammar is terrible. Shall he go to the library and work hard? 8. Our dean is at the conference right now. Shall I call him out to talk to the students’ parents? 9. This conference hall is the best. Shall I make a reservation for our seminar there? 10. Shall I make a speech tomorrow? Shall I read my report or shall I speak at random? 11. Shall I reproduce pictures connected with image processing?

Task 65. Вкажіть, в яких нижченаведених реченнях shall допоміжне дієслово, а в яких – модальне.

1.Shall I wait for you next to the University? 2.You shall not copy the exercises from my copy-book into yours. 3. We shall have a party next Saturday. It will be my birthday. 4. Stay at the library a little bit longer. You shall finish your essay by all means. 5. You may realize the disadvantages of being a lazy student.You see that the youth shall be better organized nowadays. 6. Olha knows that everyone shall be well-prepared to work with the computer. 7. If I get ready for the seminar very well I shall be chosen as a participant of the conference. 8. My research assistant promises me that I shall not be deeply disappointed with the latest results obtained from our joint project. 9. If you are not ready for the classes now, you shall stay at the library till 8 o’clock. 10. You shall not touch my things. You have no right to do so. 11. You shall not run away before you answer. 12. Martin shall warn his friend about danger caused by his careless behaviour.

Task 66. Завершіть нижченаведені речення. Дайте переклад українською мовою, враховуючи функцію модальних дієслів.

1. Do you think something ought to be done in the field … ? 2. If our teacher doesn’t come I think we ought to … . 3. One ought to know that the electric cell is a device … . 4. The amounts of power are to be transferred from … . 5. The electrons in two – element tubes have to go … . 6. If the temperature decreases, the velocity of electrons should … . 7. We should get the electron emission if … . 8. It is essential that we should use iron because … . 9. The discovery of atomic energy had to provide … . 10. We can also explain why soft iron … .

Task 67. Вкажіть, в яких нижченаведених реченнях shall допоміжне дієслово, а в яких – модальне.

1. I shall be ready for the classes within 10 minutes. 2. Shall I tell you that the lecture on chemistry is postponed till tomorrow? 3. Shall we come here next year and work here as young specialists? 4. When shall I take final – year examinations? 5. I rather think I shall be invited to the power plant as a highly qualified engineer. 6. You shall not leave the classroom until you answer oral examination questions about semiconductors. 7. I shall tell you about the theory of magnetism. 8. Shall the students of our group deal with some innovations achieved in this field? 9. We shall be able to overcome all the difficulties in our research. 10. Shall we use iron as a magnetic substance in this case?

Task 68. Складіть короткі діалоги, вживаючи нижченаведені речення.

1. I suppose I ought to clear up the effect known as self-induction. 2. Are you able to tell us about the induced current? 3. Can I ask you some questions about magnets? 4. Don’t you think we must increase the current in this circuit? 5. I know what I ought to do in this experiment. Can you help me with the device? 6. Shall we go to the dean’s office to talk about our practice? 7. He knew that he had to make a new circuit. 8. Can you improve this device by yourself or do you need someone’s help? 9. Can you imagine that lasers proved to be of great help in medicine? 10. It should be noted that these devices must be in many respects more reliable than vacuum tubes.

Task 69. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. A good experimenter must perform perfect operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown. 2. A small amount of power may be quite sufficient for establishing communication over vast distances. 3. In the laboratories students may work with the apparatus, i.e. instruments, machinery, tools intended for a specific use. 4. You had to object to this material being used as a filament. 5. One must admit that the density of force is the greatest at the poles. 6. A well – educated person must know that his views and opinions may by wrong, and he should always be ready to change them. 7. A modern engineer must know at least one foreign language well enough besides his native one. 8. Today every pupil of the first form must be able to read, write and do arithmetic before going to school. 9. You may not understand the whole scientific method but you must have elementary knowledge of at least one aspect. 10. All students have to remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of their speciality.

Task 70. Завершіть речення, вживаючи модальне дієслово must або його еквіваленти.

1. Both devices are designed by our post – graduate students. Now the students of our group must … . 2. This professor’s lecture on microprocessors and microprogramming is immensely important. All students must … . 3. A number of computing devices were arranged in our laboratory. All of us must … 4. A computer can replace a human being in all respects. But people must… 5. Students discuss various problems of realization and computer graphics methods at the seminar. Next week the students of our group will have to … . 6. To be admitted to the University school leavers must … 7. Progressive people everywhere in the world must … . 8. Yesterday the students of our department … . 9. The invented machine was successfully put into operation. Now we … . 10. Having made many tests, the experimenter … .

Task 71. Поєднайте модальні дієслова can, could, may, must з правильною формою інфінітива, що в дужках.

1. The scientists may (to have, to finish) the research. 2. The experimenter may (to have, to get) interesting results. 3. These researchers can (to arrive) at new valuable conclusions. 4. This post – graduate must (to carry on) many experiments and tests. 5. The scientist can (to make) a thorough analysis of the data obtained. 6. Any two dissimilar substances can (to be; to electrify). 7. Scanning can (to be; to accomplish) by deflecting electron beams. 8. Solids must (to be; to divide) into two categories, i.e. amorphous and crystalline. 9. In amorphous substances the atoms or molecules may (to be; to bind) quite strongly to one another. 10. Some substances can (to be; to regard) as supercooled liquids in which the atoms are arranged in space.

Task 72. Перефразуйте вищенаведені речення, вживаючи модальні дієслова can або may у правильній граматичній формі.

1. I am afraid the well – known professor is not able to arrive at our conference. 2. Today you are not able to answer at the seminar. 3. The final – year students are able to know so many things in different fields of power engineering. 4. I’m so glad you were able to answer at the oral examination yesterday. You’ve made a great progress in mathematics. 5. Last week the students of power engineering department were allowed to take part in the important event. 6. During my experiment only a computer was able to perform such difficult calculations. 7. Students were allowed to deal with these substances. 8. Talking about plasma scientists are able to begin with the depth of intergalactic space. 9. The reaction which was able to produce useful energy will take place only at very high temperatures. 10. The amount of current flow was able to depend upon the ability of the cathode to emit electrons.

Task 73. Перекладіть речення, в яких вжито модальне дієслово must та його еквіваленти, що виражають необхідність чи обов’язковість, українською мовою.

1. All of the students must be in time for their classes. 2. According to the time – table we must begin our classes at 8.15. 3. Today my friend must perform some operations with the help of the computer. 4. Every student must know that incremental analog-to-digital conversion is performed by A/D converters. 5. Some data for this experiment have to be changed and new data have to be added. 6. The main task of this post – graduate was to show the results of his research work in his article. 7. Our lab assistant has to design the circuit with some other parameters. 8. The students of power engineering department must remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of power engineering. 9. The results of final – year tests are to be announced on Monday after classes. 10. Senior students have to help first – year students to solve their freshmen’s problems.

Task 74. Змініть нижченаведені речення таким чином, щоб кожне речення починалось з модального дієслова shall. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

Model – Let’s go to the laboratory, shall we?

– Shall we go to the laboratory?

1. Let’s discuss this scientist’s point of view. 2. Let’s read about the success of physics in that article. 3. Let’s work in this field of engineering. 4. Let’s check up the results of our experiments. 5. Let’s create this device ourselves. 6. Let’s ask this inventor about his famous achievements. 7. Let’s construct a new device. 8. Let’s put down the results of our tests. 9. Let’s prepare our laboratory equipment for practical classes. 10. Let’s gather at 3 o’clock to continue our research.

Task 75. Завершіть нижченаведені речення. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. The books shall be returned to the library in time because … . 2. The day of the exam shall be announced when … . 3. The article shall be sent to this University if … . 4. You shall not leave for the conference if … . 5. Our friends shall not improve the conditions of performing their experiment if … . 6. You shall be able to achieve the main point in your article if … . 7. The lecture shall begin in time if … . 8. You shall study harder because … .

Task 76. Завершіть нижченаведені речення, вживаючи модальне дієслово shall.

1. If you want to succeed in physics you … . 2. In a few years you … . 3. I am quite sure that soon … . 4. I am convinced that our group … . 5. I remind you that you … . 6. I am explained how to solve this problem because I … . 7. In a few months the new department of mathematics … . 8. I must say that many books on computers … . 9. Some foreign students came to Ukraine without necessary documents. They … . 10. Modern scientists look for signs of intelligent life on other planets. They … .

Task 77. Складіть короткі діалоги, вживаючи нижченаведені твердження.

1. There must be some students’ scientific and technical society at our University. 2. Young people of our country may enter any institute or university. 3. There must be various computers at our computing centre. 4. Some young engineers of our Institute will be allowed to join the seminar on programming at 4 p.m. tomorrow. 5. A lot of our groupmates are allowed to make a report at the seminar. 6. Yesterday my friend was able to make a speech on cybernetics. 7. There must be a lot of ways of solving this particular problem. 8. Our new dean will be able to open some new laboratories at our Institute next year. 9. There might have been some precautions as for the number of electrical devices, especially computers used in each room of hostel №5.

Task 78. Прочитайте діалог. Складіть свій власний діалог за прикладом наведеного.

Demonstrator : You shall have to make comments on the experiment if you want to succeed in conducting it.

Student : The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit per second of time.

D. : What can you tell us about the unit of measurement for current?

S. :The unit of measurement for current is the ampere.

D. :How can we determine the magnitude of the current?

S. :I think the magnitude of the current can be practically expressed in amperes.

D. :How can the power of current be defined in the circuit?

S. :The power of current may be defined as the number of amperes per volt in a circuit.

D. :What can you tell us about the nature of a magnetic field?

S. :A stream of electrons in a circuit will develop a magnetic field around the conductor along which the electrons are moving.

Task 79. Вкажіть значення дієслів will/would в наведених реченнях. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. Will you tell us everything about the electric current? 2. If the conductivity is doubled, the current will be also doubled. 3. One could think that the electric current would always flow in a circuit, but this is not the case. 4. It is unlikely that they would allow the first – year students to take part in “Miss VNTU” performance. 5. I believe these new data would be indispensable for your research. 6. Everyone knows that if the conductivity were doubled the current would be also doubled. 7. A stream of electrons in a circuit will produce a magnetic field around the conductor along which the electrons are moving. 8. It is likely that the best student of our group will take an active part in preparing the conference. 9. He would give a profound answer if he were asked about unknown flying objects. 10. If hundreds of witnesses saw UFO most descriptions wouldn’t be identical. 11. The vice-dean will allow the students to pass their exams later according to the medical certificates submitted by the 5-th of December.

Task 80. Вкажіть, в яких нижченаведених реченнях дієслова will і would модальні, а в яких – допоміжні.

1. Would you help me to translate the text? – Yes, I will. 2. I’d never thought the day would come when I’d be an engineer. 3. I will not add anything to my report in physics. 4. I was informed that the meeting had started earlier than they planned and nobody knew when it would finish. 5. There would have been serious arguments for and against if the experimenter hadn’t stopped the discussion. 6. If you take part in that conference you will receive an excellent mark in chemistry. 7. I wouldn’t stop the experiment if I were you. 8. The students decided they would speak to the professor after the lecture. 9. She would have been an outstanding scientist if she had not given up the research in the right direction a few years ago. 10. I didn’t really think you would agree with my point of view as for this scientific approach. 11. If she join the students’ council of the hostel she will occupy the right place among the active members.

Task 81. Замість крапок вставте will або would. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. The teacher asked his students whether they … do the experiment themselves. 2. The student answered they … if he brought them into the laboratory. 3. I like these verses very much. I … read them after my English lesson. 4. I don’t think either of us … perform the experiment successfully after all. 5. – What … you like to be? – In the nearest future I … try to be Master of Science. 6. What a beautiful idea! I think I … move a little further with this research. 7. I think I … rest a while after the classes. 8. … you mind helping me with my homework now? 9. My friend asked the professor if he … write the article in coauthorship. 10. I enjoy the new data so much that I … tell my scientific supervisor about them at the very moment I see him.

Task 82. Дайте переклад нижченаведених речень українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різницю між модальними дієсловами will/would та одноіменними допоміжними. Складіть свої власні речення за прикладом наведених.

1. I will show my friends what materials I have prepared for this design. 2. “Won’t you join our project?” said the monitor of our group. 3. I will always remember this distinct field of science in which experienced instructors have been trained. 4. Would you like to come to the laboratory on Saturday to improve your professional skills? 5. Our dean wouldn’t be pleased if our group missed the lecture on the fundamentals of research work the following week. 6. I will show my scientific supervisor the results of my research work. 7. – Will you make a report at the students’ scientific conference? – I certainly will. I will do it with pleasure. 8. This jig-saw won’t cut. It is not suitable for this kind of wood.

Task 83. Замініть подані нижче речення, використовуючи ввічливу форму: would you mind або will you please.

1. Give me that book for translating the text. 2. Don’t tell us your point of view while I’m answering. 3. Take these test papers to the dean’s office. 4. Don’t watch TV while I’m doing my home work. 5. Don’t make so much noise in the corridor. 6. Try to come earlier to the classes. 7. Print this article for me. 8. Come another day as I’m quite busy now. 9. Help me with this research, please. 10. Give me more time to compile material for a small dictionary on radio electronics.

Task 84. Переробіть нижченаведені речення, вживаючи ввічливу форму will you please. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

Model: I will invite my group – mates to show how I use the computer in my work. – Will you please come to my place and see how I use the computer in my work?

1. If you prove to be enthusiastic and active enough I will invite you to share the achievements of the students’ scientific society. 2. Trust me absolutely and I will help you with your research. 3. When the time comes I will give you the assignment to make a speech at the conference. 4. I will ask you to take part in the seminar on intellectual technologies of identification. 5. I will ask you to help me with a new invention. 6. If you succeed in doing some independent work your scientific supervisor will ask you to present your thesis. 7. I will ask you to apply your own new building method while constructing houses. 8. She will ask him to find a way out of this situation himself. 9. Be sincere with him and he will bring the Earth to your feet.

Task 85. Завершіть нижченаведені речення, вживаючи модальні дієслова will/would.

Model: 1) If the weather is fine, I will go to the bank of the river.

2) If the weather were fine, I would go to the bank of the river.

3) If the weather had been fine yesterday, I would have gone to the bank of the river.

1. When our teacher allows us we … . 2. If I do everything right, I … . 3. If our dean had been at his office yesterday, we… . 4. If I had sent a message to him, I … . 5. If the professor gives a consultation to us, we … . 6. If I had sent the technical journal to that University, I … . 7. When I got a letter from my friend, I … . 8. If I had worked so hard, I … . 9. If I were you, I … . 10. If he were with us, we … . 11. If the delegation from Poland comes to our university on Monday, our best students … .

Task 86. Складіть короткі діалоги, вживаючи нижченаведені речення, що базуються на опрацьованому лексичному матеріалі.

1. Can you tell me what a semiconductor is?

2. Could you name some semiconductors?

3. Are you able to name the properties of minerals and crystals?

4. Are you able to speak about magnetism and some electrical phenomena?

5. How could substances be “electrified”?

6. Can only similar substances become electrified?

7. Could you, please, speak about the nature of electricity?

8. Will you, please, tell us a few words about the nucleus, the proton and the electron?

Task 87. Перекладіть нижченаведені речення українською мовою.

1. Atoms may have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons. 2. Working in the laboratory we had to do with electricity in motion. 3. In the case just considered we have to do with thermal effects. 4. One can say that the force and motion always go together: one is a cause and the other is a result. 5. It should be noted that this characteristic is of vital importance in all electrical systems and for all apparatus. 6. In considering power in electrical circuit one should remember that all the electrical devices must have resistance. 7. Even the best conductors of electricity can offer some resistance to the current flow which must be kept in mind while dealing with electrical phenomena. 8. One should remember that breaking the circuit causes sparking. 9. Electromotive force must be defined as the work per unit charge done by the battery or generator on the charges in moving them around the circuit. 10. It must be mentioned that if two rubber rods electrified by being rubbed against fur are brought near each other, they will be found to repel each other.

Task 88. Порівняйте значення і вживання модальних дієслів shall та will. Зверніть увагу на вживання цих модальних дієслів на відміну від одноіменних допоміжних дієслів майбутнього часу.

1. I will make a few steps in science with the help of my friend and then I will do everything myself. 2. You shall speak about the structure of the atom at your exam. 3. While breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we will get many complete magnets. 4. If a magnet is brought near any substance traversed by an electric current, this substance will generally be acted upon by a force tending to move it. 5. Once a molecule has been formed it will move about and behave as a unit particle under various physical conditions. 6. The lab assistant of the physics laboratory will explain Ohm’s law to the senior pupils at the next lesson. 7. You shall remember the phenomenon we are going to observe as it is of great practical importance. 8. You shall play the role of the demonstrator and I will be your assistant during our experiment. 9. Electric typewriters are very slow and they won’t be used any more being unquestionably replaced by personal computers. 10. – Listen! You are in charge of maintenance! You shall be very clever and experienced as a the computer operator. 11. – Will you give me a piece of advice? I definitely need it.

Task 89. Вставте замість крапок модальні дієслова, які підходять за змістом. Дайте переклад українською мовою.

1. To do the program the programmer … have a good understanding of the problem to be performed by the computer. 2. The experiment … conducted carefully in order to study what happens with the previous results and gain new data. 3. The programmer to do the program for a computer … display profound knowledge of mathematics. 4. To carry out the instruction the computer … accept the data in the form of punched holes and blanks. 5. In order to write programs in a good way the programmer … have a mathematical mind. 6. This electric field … thought of as comprising a number of lines of forces representing the directions in which the electric force acts. 7. The voltage … be too high as the insulation is broken down. 8. The experiment … done in a wrong way because of the obtained data being in contradiction with Lenz’s law. 9. This magnetized body … exert some attractive or repulsive force on the other one. 10. To get better results quite a different method … applied.

Task 90. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. I am pleased I can involve you in a project of a chief programmer team. 2. In order to make good programs the programmer must be very talented and he must know the way it is to be done. 3. To carry out the instruction, the computer has to accept the data in the form of punched holes and blanks. 4. The students of our University have to know Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics. 5. The information that is stored in registers is to be computed today. 6. These operations are to be performed by the operator till the end of this week. 7. In ancient times people could think that the Earth was flat. 8. Everyone must know the first cosmonaut Y. Gagarin who made the first orbital flight around the Earth. 9. The prominent scientists of Ukraine have to make a contribution into industrial technologies of our country. 10. I must wait until the information about the exams will appear at the dean’s office.

Task 91. Дайте переклад українською мовою,звертаючи увагу на модальні дієслова. Складіть свої власні речення за прикладом наведених.

1. This summer the mean temperature in our town shall be about 25 ⁰C. 2. The academic year at the University of Croatia will start in the end of September. 3. He wrote me that he would soon defend his diploma thesis. 4. Would you like to see our new Institute’s lab? 5. We will see our new laboratory equipment after lunch. Would you help me with my research in that laboratory? 6. The laboratory assistant should have examined the trouble caused by the overheated conductor. 7. Should the resistance on the load increase, the efficiency will be improved. 8. If each atom in an orange measured inch in diameter, the orange would be as large as the Earth.

Task 92. Дайте переклад українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на виділені конструкції з модальними дієсловами.

1. The nature of the material determines the ease with which electrons are allowed to pass. 2. The action of some instruments cannot be much relied upon because of their being not sensitive enough. 3. The friction between the wax and the flannel must have rubbed off some electrons of the flannel molecules and left them on the surface of the wax. 4. This magnetized body may have exerted some attractive or repulsive force on the other one. 5. To get better results another method ought to have been applied. 6. It must have been known for centuries that a colored glass is cooler at the bottom of a pot than a colorless glass. 7. This electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force representing the directions in which the electric force acts. 8. You don’t have to explain the idea of your research again. I have just listened to your report. 9. Shall I speak to the professor about the day of a consultation now? 10. We were told that our sponsors would build a new concert hall for our theatrical and musical projects. 11. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure and a sense of beauty.

Task 93. Перекладіть українською мовою речення, в яких вжито опрацьовану технічну термінологію.

1. The dielectric of a condenser may be found in solid, liquid or gaseous form in combinations of these forms in a given condenser. 2. We can also explain why soft iron has a higher permeability than steel. 3. By the beginning of the 20th century it was clearly demonstrated that the movement of microscopic particles could be explained only on the basis of molecular bombardment. 4. Great care should be taken in the operation of the mercury vapor type of rectifier tube to permit the filament to build up space charge before applying plate voltage. 5. In atomic power plants special safety precautions must be taken to protect the workers from the danger of radioactivity. 6. We know small powerful electromagnets which can be used by doctors to remove steel particles from the eye. 7. In order to make profound observation the current should be passed for about half an hour. 8. We were sure we should be able to overcome all difficulties in our investigation. 9. Were the filament heated, we should get the electron emission. 10. It is essential that we should use iron as one of the principal magnetic substances in the case in question.

Task 94. Прочитайте речення. Назвіть номери речень, в яких модальне дієслово must виражає припущення або ймовірність. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. This phenomenon must be described in detail. 2. The temperature must have been specified before. 3. I must have met that man somewhere. 4. This effect must have caused some change in the atomic structure. 5. Some new considerations must be involved into this study. 6. This evidence must provide some new facts. 7. This value must have been included into the above considerations. 8. They must have referred to the figures above. 9. These phenomena must be distinguished carefully.

Task 95. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. The object of the experiment is to test the results obtained. You are to provide the necessary equipment for it. 2. They couldn't have applied that equation. They ought to have proved it mathematically. 3. They needn't know the exact temperature to make the plot. 4. He can't have explained these phenomena in this way. 5. The values given above must be converted into the English units. 6. They should have calculated the distance travelled more accurately. 7. This research team must be going on with the measurements.

Task 96. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Becquerel used photographic plates and and an electroscope for measuring the intensity of the radioactive emissions. These must have been used today though in somewhat different form. 2. Because our sense of temperature is not very reliable temperature measurements of our body must be made with accurate thermometers. 3. Mercury must have lost most of its atmosphere while it was still hot. 4. In the early stages of the Moon’s history the rate of escape of atmosphere must have been very rapid. 5. In order that we may be able to find out how efficient the engine is, we must measure the amount of energy that we put into it and compare this with the energy that it produces. 6. Life could not exist on the Earth but for the heat and light which it receives from the Sun. 7. It is theoretically possible that a part of the nuclear energy might be leberated by transforming either the lightest or the heaviest of the elements into others of medium weight. 8. Studies of the atmosphere show that temperature does not decrease as might have been expected. 9. Neutrons do not occur in nature and if they did, we could not accelerate them since they carry no electric charge. 10. The disintegration of the radioactive elements can give rise to three types of radiation.