Glossary

A

Abbreviation

Absolutely specific units: Style-forming units: those chara­cteristic of sublanguage under consideration, but not met with in sublanguages characteristic of other types of speech

Accented verse

Adage: Proverb (see): current metaphorical saying of ins­tructive content; usually ano­nymous

Aesthetic function

Affective: showing unrestrained feeling, highly emotive

Alien: loan word (phrase) still felt as foreign

Allegory: work of art having metaphoric sense as a whole

Alliteration

Allusion

Amphibrach

Amplification: Convergence: strengthening achieved by several stylistic means combined

Anacoluthon: combination of anaphora and epiphora

Anadiplosis: Epanalepsis

Anapaest

Anaphora

Anti-climax: see Back gradation

Antiphrasis: set phrase literally expressing approval, but used only to blame

Antithesis

Antonomasia

Appended statement

Apperception: perception affected by what has been experienced

Aposiopesis: Stop-short sentence: intentionally unfinished ut­terance

Archaisms: 1) historical (material) 2) A. proper

Archaization

Articulatory-audial: characterizing both articulation and acoustic Impression

Assimilation (lexical): loss of foreign traits by borrowed words which thus become stylistically neutral

Assonance

Atheism: deprecation meant as approval

Attribution

Axiology: general theory of value

В

Back gradation: Anti-climax: Bathos

Ballad: poem in short stanzas narrating popular story

Ballad stanza

Barbarism

Bathos: see Back gradation

Belles-lettres style: that which characterizes imaginative literature

Blank verse

Bombastic: excessively high-flown

Bookish words: Learned words

Borderlands: imaginary strips of indefinite width separating sublanguages from one another and enclosing units, sublingual status of which is uncertain, also: Tolerance zones

Borderlines: imaginary lines assumed to separate one sublanguage from another

Breaking up of set expressions: delib­erate alteration in current phrases or their anthological treatment for humoristic purposes

С

Cab lese: sublanguage of cablegrams.

Cant

Carrier: unit of form carrying information

Catachresis: Mixed metaphors

Categorical forms: constituents of grammatical category (A. Smirnitzky)

Category of determination/indetermination

Central area: main part of language, set of linguistic units common to all sublanguages; place around centre of circle enclosing national language; place where all ellipses, representing sublanguages, intersect

Central field: *Central area

Chain-repetition: noticeable recurrence of Anadiplosis (see)

Chiasmus: Reversed parallel construction

Circumlocution: see Periphrasis

Clarifier: see Specifier

Climax: Gradation

Cockney

Code: system of signs, originally criptographic (i.e. aiming at secrecy), at present language is also regarded as one. See Decoding

Cognition: action (or faculty) of acquiring knowledge; adj.

Cognitive

Colloquialism, -ist, -is tics

Competence (linguistic or lingual C.)

Composition

Concept: Notion: general idea

Connotation: part of meaning of linguistic unit, expressing its stylistic value

Constitution

Contrast

Conventional: 1) used traditionally; 2) accepted temporarily by common concent Convergence: see Amplification

Conversion

Co-occurrence: stylistically significant interrelation of two or more units, adjacent or isolated (but still felt as correlative)

Co-referential: naming identical referent each

Cultivated speech

D

Dactyl

Decoding: process of deciphering any verbal message; requires mental effort. 'Minimal decoding' (M. Riff aterre's term) is observed in perceiving messages of predictable form and content

Defeated expectancy: factor reinforcing effect achieved by stylistic device — recipient had anticipated anything but what was actually said

Definition

Degradation

Denisen: completely naturalized borrowing

Denomination: 1) act of naming; 2) name

Denotation: notional (lexical) meaning of word (phrase, etc.) as opposed to its stylistic appurtenance

Depersonalization

Derivation

Derogatory

Detachment

Dialect (territorial, social)

Dimeter

Diphthong

Discourse: Monologue: coherent se­quence of utterances (speech as purposeful social action)

Distribution

Disyllabic

Dominant, stylistic: see S. dominant

Double rhymes: see Female rhymes

Down toner: word (phrase) weakening expressive force of its sur­roundings

Dysphemism: rough, derogatory denomination (as opposed to Eu­phemism — see)

E

Editorial: Leader: newspaper article expressing editor's viewpoint 169-170

Element

Elevated words

Elevation

Ellipsis

Elliptical, adj. from Ellipsis

Emotional colouring: part(s) of semantic structure of linguistic unit, implying subjective evaluation, and, hence, speaker's emotion

Emotive means: lingual devices expressing emotion

Emphasis

Empty cells

Epanalepsis: see Anadiplosis

Epiphora

Epithet

Euphemism: mild or vague expression instead of harsh or blunt one

Euphony: totality of devices improving phonetic aspect of texts

Euphuistic style

Everyday speech: term sometimes used instead of 'colloquial speech¹

Excess of syntactical elements: Redundancy

Explication: redundancy of form (one of the two fundamental deviations from what is optimum variety; see Implication)

Exposition: introductory part of text making reader acquainted with events prior to those described in work of fiction

Expressive means: devices serving to strengthen communicative effects of speech (text); opposed by some scholars to term 'image-creating means' (such as tropes or simile)

Expressive stylistics: branch of stylistics having only expressive devices for its object ('image-creating means' included)

Extra verbal: expressed by other means than words

Eye-rhymes

F

Female rhymes: Feminine rhymes: Double rhymes: those with last syllable unstressed — duty-beauty

Figures of speech: 1. Stylistic devices of whatever kind, including tropes (*^<renamings', otherwise called *F. of replacement', either *quatititative, оr *qualltative). 2. Stylistic devices based on interrelation of meanings in sequences of linguistic units (see further: *F. of co-occurrence, manifesting identity, 'ine­quality', or 'contrast')

*F. of contrast: those based on opposition (incompatibility) of co-occurring notions

*F. of co-occurrence: stylistic devices based on interrelations of two or more units of meaning actually following one another

*F. of identity: co-occurrence of synonymous or similar notions

*F. of inequality: those based on differentiation of co-occurrent notions

*F. of quality: renamings based on radical, qualitative difference between notion named and notion meant

*F. of quantity: renamings based on only quantitative difference between traditional names and those actually used

*F. of replacement: Tropes: 'renamings', i.e. replacing traditional names by situational ones

Foot

Foreign words

Formal intercourse

Four-letter words

Framing

Free verse

G

Gender

Gradation: see Climax

Graph on: intentional mis-spelling to shour mispronunciation

Н

Headlinese

Heroic couplet

Hesitation forms: interjections and inarticular sounds well, er, hm uttered while searching for words

Hexameter

High-flown: extremely elevated

*Homofunctional: performing identical (or similar, parallel) syntactical function

Hyperbole: Overstatement

Hyper characterization

Hypermetric

Hyperonim: name of generic notion

Hypometric

Hyponim: name of specific notion

I

Iambus

Identical assertion: Tautology disguised

*Idiolect: language, or any sublanguage of individual speaker (writer)

Imaginative prose

Implication

*Indefinite stylistic value: Neutrality

Individual style

Inequality: see Figures of Inequality

Inner speech: talking to oneself (mentally)

Intensification

Intensifier: any device to reinforce expression (mostly applied to words like very, extremely, etc.)

Intention: communicative or stylistic purpose

Intonation

Inversion

Irony

Irradiation

J

Jargon

Journalese: Newspaperese

К

Key-word: word (phrase) by which quotation alluded to is guessable

L

Label

Language as a system

Learned words: see Bookish words

Level: Tier

Lexical recurrence

*Lexical vulgarism

Limited language: Sublanguage

*Lingual: characterizing language, not linguistics

Lisp

*Literalizing a set phrase

Litotes: meiosis expressed syntax - gmatically

*Living etymology: transparent etymology — origin obvious to layman

M

Macaronic verses

Male rhymes: Masculine rhymes: Single rhymes (those with last syllable stressed — astir — confer)

Maxim: non-metaphorical precept (as distinct from proverb)

Meiosis: Understatement: inte­ntional (expressive) under­valuation of norm

Message: communication sent and/or received

Metagoge: see Personification

Metaphor

Metonymy

Metre

Monologue: see Discourse

Mono meter

Morpheme

Mush 45

N

Neologism

Neutral: of indefinite stylistic value

*Neutrality and norm

*Neutral sphere: 'central' part of language, common to all sublanguages — comprising units of indefinite sublingual characteristics, viz. units possessing no stylistic colouring

Newspaperese: see Journalese

Newspaper style

Nomination: act of naming; name

Nonce-words

*Non-neutral: stylistically coloured, of definite stylistic value, recognizable as belonging to definite style

*Non-specific sphere: see Central area: Neutral sphere

*Non-specific units: Neutral units

*Norm

*Normative realization: manifestation in keeping with lingual or sublingual norm

Notion: Concept

O

Octameter

Officialese: sublanguage of extremely formal (usually written) intercourse

Omni temporal: expressing present, past, or future actions indiscriminately

Onomasiology: Onomatology: part of linguistics proceeding from meaning to form

Onomatology: see Onomasiology

Onomatopoeia

Opposition

Orthography

Ottava rima

Overstatement: see Hyperbole

Oxymoron

P

Paradigm: set of units in posse

*Paradigmatics: 1. Set (or totality) of paradigms. 2. Here: part of stylistics dealing with choice of one unit, especially with cases of 'renaming' (transfer of name)

Paradox: seemingly absurd though in fact well-founded statement

Paragraph: 1. Passage in text marked by indentation of first line. 2. Detached item of information in newspaper, without heading

Paralinguistic: dealing with non­verbal messages (inarticulate sounds, gesticulation, grimace)

Parallelism

Parameters: characteristics, especially numerical

Parenthesis

Paronomasia: co-occurrence of words of similar form

Paronyms: words similar (but not identical) in their phonetic forms

*Periphery: space closest to external boundary (P. of sublanguage

Locates its style-forming units)

Periphrasis: Circumlocution: description instead of name, roundabout way of speaking

Personification: Metagoge

Phonosemantics. branch of linguistics searching for inherent meanings of speech sounds

Phraseology

Play on words: Pun: Quibble

Poetic diction: high-flown words of old poetry

Poetry

Polyptoton: recurrence of word in different syntactical positions

Polysyndeton

Popular speech

Praesens historicum (lat.)

Principium divisionis (lat.)

Professionalism

Prolepsis

Prosody

Proverb: Adage (see)

Pun: see Play on words

Pyrrhic foot

Q

Quasi-identity

Quotation

Quibble: see Play on words

R

Received Pronunciation

Recipient: one who receives verbal message — listener or reader

Redundance: superfluous, exces­sive, pleonastic use

*Relative archaization

*Relatively specific (units): those common to two or more sublanguages, but not to all of them

Relevant features

Repetition

Rhetorical question

Rhyme

Rhythm

Root repetition: Sham tautology

S

Scanning

Semantics: 1. Meaning. 2. Semasiology (see)

Semasiology

Septameter

*Sequence: chain of units of any rank (hence: Stylistics of Sequences)

Sibilant

Signifiant (Fr.): designator

Signifie (Fr.): designatum

Simile

Single rhymes: see Male rhymes

Slang

*Social prestige: factor favouring stability of literary standard and legalizing changes, up to universal acceptance of mistaken forms if current in speech of top personalities

Sonnet

Sound clusters: Sound combinations

Special language: Limited language: Sublanguage (see)

*Specific units: *absolutely S.U.: units recognizable as belonging to only one sublanguage; *relatively S.U.: those common to several sublanguages

*Specifier: Clarifier: synonym used to add new shade of meaning to what was expressed by its counterpart

*Speech: actual fleeting process of oral communication

*Sphere of speech: Type of speech; Type of communication

Spondee

Standard English

Stanza

Strophe

*Style-forming (features, devices, units): Specific

*Stylistic collision: mixture of styles

*Stylistic conflict

*S. device: S. means: choice or ar­rangement of units to achieve expressive or image-creating effect

*S. dominant: unit (phenomenon) that imparts its stylistic quality to its surroundings, suppressing their own values

S. means: see S. device

*S. neutrality: absence of any definite stylistic quality, 'non-specificity'

*S. perception: decoding of not only intended sense of message, but of its stylistic properties as well

*S. stratification: presentation of stylistic layers as superimposed on one another

*S. value: stylistic quality, characteristics, totality of connotations

*S. vulgarism: word (phrase) implying utterly negative, scandalously derogatory personal attitude toward object, in no way offensive by itself

S. of sequences: part of S. dealing with phenomena engendered by vinterrelations of text components; *S. of units: part of S. treating choice of linguistic units and types of transfer of deno­minations

*Subcolloquial: belonging to layers lower than colloquial

*Sublanguage: totality of linguistic units current in sphere of speech singled out by researcher on extralinguistic grounds

*Subneutral: lower than neutral

*Superneutral: higher than neutral

Suprasegmental

Sustained metaphor

*Sustained simile

Symbol

Symploca

♦Synonymous replacer: synonym used to avoid undesirable repetition of its counterpart

Syntagma, -ta (pi.): combination of at least two elements following one another

*Syntagmatics: 1. Set (or totality) of syntagmata. 2. Subject matter of stylistics of sequences

T

Tautology: unintentional repetition betraying stylistic helplessness; *T. disguised: intentional display of identical meanings in co-occurring different forms

*T. pretended: re­currence of identical forms with different meanings

Tell-tale names: see Token names

Terms

Tetrameter

*Text: product of speech (not necessarily written or printed), sequence of words, gram­matically connected and, as a rule, semantically coherent

Tier: see Level

Token names: Tell-tale names: surnames of literary characters giving information about their bearers' main features (Mr. Snake, Lady Sneer-well — Sheridan)

Treble: Triple: Dactylic rhymes: those with two final syllables unstressed — tenderly — slenderly

Trimeter

Trisyllabic

Trite: hackneyed, habitual, stereo­type (stylistic device)

Transposition

Trochee

Trope

U

Uncultivated (speech)

Unpredictability

Utterance

Unit, linguistic

V