Вариант 1

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите видо-временнную форму и залог сказуемого (см. образец).

1. Hundreds of technologies have been invented to carry out energy conversion processes.

2. The expanding thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy.

3. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

4. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Compressed steam has more power than hot water.

2. The engine walls have to be cooled or the engine will melt.

3. This material does not possess elastic properties.

4. The exam was to start in the morning.

3. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. Automobile has reduced effort required to transport people and materials.

2. The shaft turns the magnet, creating a magnetic field.

3. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.

4. Combustion makes molecules move faster causing the gas to expand.

4. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов

(см. образец выполнения 4).

1. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29.

2. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of « selective absorption» takes place.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

Harnessing heat to work for us

Energy production always starts with a natural resource-such as sunlight, water, wind, coal, natural gas, oil, or uranium-which goes through processes that convert the energy into other forms. Technological progress has been marked by the development of ways to capture, manipulate, and control large amounts of energy for useful purposes. Hundreds of technologies have been invented to carry out energy conversion processes, including steam engines (boilers), turbine generators, internal-combustion engines, batteries, photovoltaic cells, and many other devices.

Here is a brief look at how two of these inventions-the internal-combustion engine and the turbine generator-do their work.

In an internal-combustion engine, an electrical spark from the spark plug ignites gasoline, causing combustion. Combustion makes molecules move faster, causing the gas to expand. The expanding thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in the movement of the pistons, cylinder, and crank shaft, which turns the wheels. The engine walls must be cooled or the engine will melt. Oil and water from the radiator cool the walls of the cylinder. Air from the fan cools the water in the radiator, releasing heat energy into the environment.

In the last 100 years, the automobile has vastly increased our mobility and reduced the time and effort required to transport people and materials.

Most power plants have enormous boilers that burn fuel-usually coal, oil, or natural gas- to make heat. The heat is applied to water to generate steam, which is then compressed. Compressed steam has more power than hot water. The steam travels to giant turbines and forces them to spin. The turbine shaft is attached to a turbine generator, which is a giant magnet inside a stationary ring, wrapped with wire. The shaft turns the magnet, creating a magnetic field, which produces an electrical current in the wire.

Hydroelectric, nuclear, coal, and natural gas power plants all spin turbines to generate electricity.