In particular … pediatrics

How Vaccines Prevent Disease key words: vaccine, antibody, to invade, preventable, immunity, to be exposed to, to be immunized

Parents are constantly concerned about the health and safety of their children and they take many steps to protect them. These preventive measures range from child-proof door latches to child safety seats. In the same respect, vaccines work to safeguard children from illnesses and death caused by infectious diseases. Vaccines protect children by helping prepare their bodies to fight often serious, and potentially, deadly diseases.

A weakened form of the disease germ is injected into the body. The body makes antibodies to fight these invaders. If actual disease germs ever attack the body, the antibodies will still be there to destroy them.

Disease prevention is the key to public health. It is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it. Vaccines prevent disease in the people who receive them and protect those who come into contact with unvaccinated individuals. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases and save lives. Vaccines are responsible for the control of many infectious diseases that were once common in this country, including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German measles), mumps, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

Vaccine-preventable diseases have a costly impact, resulting in doctor's visits, hospitalizations, and premature deaths. Sick children can also cause parents to lose time from work.

Each child is born with a full immune system composed of cells, glands, organs, and fluids that are located throughout his or her body to fight invading bacteria and viruses. The immune system recognizes germs that enter the body as "foreign" invaders, or antigens, and produces protein substances called antibodies to fight them. A normal, healthy immune system has the ability to produce millions of these antibodies to defend against thousands of attacks every day, doing it so naturally that people are not even aware they are being attacked and defended so often. Many antibodies disappear once they have destroyed the invading antigens, but the cells involved in antibody production remain and become "memory cells." Memory cells remember the original antigen and then defend against it when the antigen attempts to re-infect a person, even after many decades. This protection is called immunity.

Vaccines contain the same antigens or parts of antigens that cause diseases, but the antigens in vaccines are either killed or greatly weakened. When they are injected into fatty tissue or muscle, vaccine antigens are not strong enough to produce the symptoms and signs of the disease but are strong enough for the immune system to produce antibodies against them. The memory cells that remain prevent re-infection when they encounter that disease in the future. Thus, through vaccination, children develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent.

If a child is not vaccinated and is exposed to a disease germ, the child’s body may not be strong enough to fight the disease. Before vaccines, many children died from diseases that vaccines now prevent, such as whooping cough, measles, and polio. Those same germs exist today, but babies are now protected by vaccines, so we do not see these diseases as often.

Immunizing individual children also helps to protect the health of our community, especially those people who are not immunized. People who are not immunized include those who are too young to be vaccinated (e.g., children less than a year old cannot receive the measles vaccine but can be infected by the measles virus), those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons (e.g., children with leukemia), and those who cannot make an adequate response to vaccination. Immunization also slows down or stops disease outbreaks.

⃰ Pediatric Obesity Prevention

Key words: obesity, hypertension, decrease

As attested to by popular media and epidemiological surveys alike, pediatric obesity and overweight have reached epidemic levels in the United States and much of the developed world. The most recent US National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey indicates that approximately 17 percent of children and adolescents in the United States are obese and about 32 percent are— a three-fold increase over rates estimated in 1980.

In addition to increased risk of persistent obesity through adulthood, children and adolescents who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for a number of physical and mental health conditions, including insulin resistance, hypertension, abnormal glucose intolerance, sleep apnea and decreased health-related quality of life. Some of these conditions have been associated with further decreases in positive health behaviors (e.g., moderate/vigorous physical activity), thereby resulting in a feedback loop of decreasing health quality, increasing distress and increasing risk for obesity.

The epidemiological patterns suggest that risk for overweight in the U.S. varies across social, economic, and racial/ethnic groups. Specifically, individuals with lower household incomes, those from rural communities and those who are African-American or Latino/a are at increased risk for obesity and overweight.

Although there are likely genetic vulnerabilities for the development of obesity, environmental, economic, cultural and behavioral factors are also important contributors to the risk. For example, foods high in caloric density (e.g., fast food) are frequently less expensive than those of higher nutritional value, increasing risk in low-income families. Similarly, the risk of obesity is increased for children who live in poorly resourced communities and therefore have fewer opportunities for safe physical activity. Regardless of economic or environmental conditions, children who receive modeling of unhealthy diets or patterns of physical activity are at increased risk.

ACUTE CARE IN GENERAL…