Presence or absence of voice:

1. voiced (lenis): [b], [d], [g], [dж], [v], [ð], [z], [ж], [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], [l], [r], [j];

2. voiceless (fortis); they are pronounced with greater muscular tension and a stronger breath force: [p], [t], [k], [t], [f], [θ], [s], [], [h].

3. Содержание

   • Different approaches to the problem of phoneme. The definition of phoneme
   • The notions of phoneme and allophone. Functions of phoneme (7)
   • The definition of intonation. Componentes of intonation. Structural and functional approaches to the problem of its components (28)
   • Sentence accentuation
   • The difference between rp and ga in the system of vowels and consonants (4)
   • Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english consonants (10)
   • Presence or absence of voice:
   • Position of the soft palate and the velum:
   • 10. Практическая часть
   • Territorial and social differences in the pronunciation of english in different countries (1)
   • The notion of interference. Prerequisites for phonetic interference (segmental level) (12)
   • Phonetic basis. Articulatory basis: static and dynamic approaches
   • Intonational (prosodic) basis.
   • Principal and subsidiary variants of english phonemes
   • Principle;
   • Subsidiary.
   • The definition of prosody. Functions of prosody (29)
   • Structural function
   • Social function
   • Aesthetic
   • Stylistic
   • Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english vowels (11)
   • Stability of articulation:
   • 11. Практическая часть
   • The difference between rp and ga in the pronunctiation (word-stress, prosody (5)
   • Social variations in english pronunciation. Social factors and phonetic markers
   • Functions of intonation
   • The orphoepic norm of english (rp) and its types
   • Southern English Pronunciation, or rp;
   • Northern English Pronunciation;
   • Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
   • Intonation and prosody. The correlation between these notions