Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english consonants (10)

In phonology the basic method of establishing the phonemic status of a sound is the method of finding minimal pairs. The method consists in finding at least one pair of words which are different in respect of that sound: pit – bit. When two words are identical except for one sound which makes a contrast in the meaning of words, they are said to form a minimal pair. The minimal pair may be 2 words or 2 gram-l forms of a word: man – men. Thus, the function of phonology is to relate the phonetic events of speech to gr-l units operation at the morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels of lang-e.

Sounds are grouped into classes according to the features which are distinctive for the particular language. In English the following features are distinctive for consonants:

type of obstruction:

occlusive (in the production of which a complete obstruction is formed): [pul];

constructive (an incomplete obstruction is formed): [ful]:

place of articulation:

1. labial: [p], [b], [m], [w];

2. labio-dental (cons-s are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth): [f], [v];

3. dental (articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip: [θ], [ð] or with the blade of the tongue);

4. alveolar (cons-s are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge): [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z];

5. palatal: [j];

6. alveolar-velar: [ł]

7. glottal (are produced in the glottis): .

manner of production of noise:

1. plosive oral stop: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];

2. fricative:

3. affricate: [t], [dж];

4. approximant.

2. Содержание

   • Different approaches to the problem of phoneme. The definition of phoneme
   • The notions of phoneme and allophone. Functions of phoneme (7)
   • The definition of intonation. Componentes of intonation. Structural and functional approaches to the problem of its components (28)
   • Sentence accentuation
   • The difference between rp and ga in the system of vowels and consonants (4)
   • Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english consonants (10)
   • Presence or absence of voice:
   • Position of the soft palate and the velum:
   • 10. Практическая часть
   • Territorial and social differences in the pronunciation of english in different countries (1)
   • The notion of interference. Prerequisites for phonetic interference (segmental level) (12)
   • Phonetic basis. Articulatory basis: static and dynamic approaches
   • Intonational (prosodic) basis.
   • Principal and subsidiary variants of english phonemes
   • Principle;
   • Subsidiary.
   • The definition of prosody. Functions of prosody (29)
   • Structural function
   • Social function
   • Aesthetic
   • Stylistic
   • Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english vowels (11)
   • Stability of articulation:
   • 11. Практическая часть
   • The difference between rp and ga in the pronunctiation (word-stress, prosody (5)
   • Social variations in english pronunciation. Social factors and phonetic markers
   • Functions of intonation
   • The orphoepic norm of english (rp) and its types
   • Southern English Pronunciation, or rp;
   • Northern English Pronunciation;
   • Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
   • Intonation and prosody. The correlation between these notions