Exercises

Exercise 1. Analyse the lexical meaning of the italicized words. What do they denote? What do they connote? Is the meaning (and connotation in particular) context-dependent?

Money

1. I never resorted to it by necessity, because I never knew what it was to want money (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

2. They preferred to put you to work on a farm or at the mills, so as to have a little more money (The Last Lesson by Alphonse Daudet).

3. Why! Is it not? He has spent but a few pounds of your mortal money: three or four, perhaps. Is that so much that he deserves this praise? (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

4. I bought this estate, which chanced to be in the market, and I set myself to do a little good with my money, to make up for the way in which I had earned it (The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Boscombe Valley Mystery by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

5. I wish you and yours every joy in life, old chap, and tons of money, and may you never die till I shoot you. And that's the wish of a sincere friend, an old friend. You know that? (A Little Cloud by James Joyce).

6. If ever it occurs, you may bet your bottom dollar there'll be no mooning and spooning about it. I mean to marry money. She'll have a good fat account at the bank or she won't do for me (A Little Cloud by James Joyce).

7. The failure made deep lines come into her face. Her children were growing up, they would have to go to school. There must be more money, there must be more money. The father, who was always very handsome and expensive in his tastes, seemed as if he never would be able to do anything worth doing (The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence).

8. "Is luck money, mother?" he asked, rather timidly. "No, Paul. Not quite. It's what causes you to have money." "Oh!" said Paul vaguely. "I thought when Uncle Oscar said filthy lucker, it meant money." "Filthy lucre does mean money," said the mother. "But it's lucre, not luck." (The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence).

Love

1. ‘But why?’ cried Scrooge’s nephew. ‘Why?’ ‘Why did you get married?’ said Scrooge. ‘Because I fell in love.’ ‘Because you fell in love!’ growled Scrooge, as if that were the only one thing in the world more ridiculous than a merry Christmas (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

2. The lady was very beautiful, but the fact of her foreign birth and of      her alien religion always caused a separation of interests and of feelings between husband and wife, so that after a time his love may have cooled towards her and he may have come to regard their union as a mistake (The Adventure of The Sussex Vampire by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

3. Yes, she is very jealous — jealous with all the strength of her fiery tropical love (The Adventure of The Sussex Vampire by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

4. You have to face it, Mr. Ferguson. It is the more painful because it is a distorted love, a maniacal exaggerated love for you, and possibly for his dead mother, which has prompted his action (The Adventure of The Sussex Vampire by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

5. Another verse of the hymn arose, a slow and mournful strain, such as the pious love, but joined to words which expressed all that our nature can conceive of sin, and darkly hinted at far more (Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorn).

6. His shop was filled with all manner of strange things that never would, or could, be sold – things he had made for the pure love of making them (The Dancing Partner by Jerome K. Jerome).

7. There was a woman who was beautiful, who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and she could not love them (The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence).

8. Only she herself knew that at the centre of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody (The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence).

Friend

1. Shortly after my education at college was finished, I happened to be staying at Paris with an English friend. We were both young men then, and lived, I am afraid, rather a wild life, in the delightful city of our sojourn (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

2. "My dear friend," answered the old soldier – and even his voice seemed to be bobbing up and down as he spoke – "my dear friend, it would be madness to go home in your state; you would be sure to lose your money; you might be robbed and murdered with the greatest ease (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

3. She knew the brigadier well – an old friend, familiar and respectful, saying heartily, "To your good health, Madame!" before lifting to his lips the small glass of cognac – out of the special bottle she kept for friends. And now! . . . She was losing her head (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

4. My books, that had seemed such a nuisance a while ago, so heavy to carry, my grammar, and my history of the saints, were old friends now that I couldn’t give up (The Last Lesson by Alphonse Daudet).

5. Scrooge and he were partners for I don’t know how many years. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner.(A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

6. To hear Scrooge expending all the earnestness of his nature on such subjects, in a most extraordinary voice between laughing and crying; and to see his heightened and excited face; would have been a surprise to his business friends in the City, indeed (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

7. "I will soon make it clear to you," said she; "And I'd have done so before now if I could ha' got out from the cellar. If there's police-court business over this, you'll remember that I was the one that stood your friend, and that I was Miss Alice's friend too (The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The Copper Beeches by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

8. Rip's heart died away at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends, and finding himself thus alone in the world (Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving).

Exercise 2. What do the italicized polysemantic words mean in the following sentences? How are certain meanings actualized through context?

City

1. For the City has not been prepared to back his business with hard cash.

2. One victim is a city housewife who revealed the PIN number of her husband's account.

3. Exclusion and intolerance of differences are not new to city life. The groups with disproportionate power and autonomy tend to monopolize facilities.

4. Councillors hope a "zone of tolerance" will help clean up their vice-plagued city.

5. She has not received assistance or attention from the city or church governing bodies, so she sells her paintings, as well as clothing.

6. A man is taken suddenly ill when walking alone along a busy city street. He staggers and falls near the door of an evidently prosperous shop.

Light

1. Sylvia stood well aside from his path, half hidden in a thick growth of whortle bushes, and watched him swing stiffly upward, his flanks dark with sweat, the coarse hair on his neck showing light by contrast (The Music on the Hill by Saki).

2. With a light heart I turned down the side road through the deepening valley to which Johann had objected (Dracula's Guest by Bram Stoker).

3. Here he had not been long, ruminating on his new love, when Juliet appeared above at a window, through which her exceeding beauty seemed to break like the light of the sun in the east; and the moon, which shone in the orchard with a faint light, appeared to Romeo as if sick and pale with grief at the superior luster of this new sun (Tales from Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet by Charles and Mary Lamb).

4. He had provided a light, and a spade, and wrenching-iron, and was proceeding to break open the monument when he was interrupted by a voice, which by the name of Vile Montague bade him desist from his unlawful business (Tales from Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet by Charles and Mary Lamb).

5. Lights and shadows were moving among the trees, and I heard men call to one another. They drew together, uttering frightened exclamations; and the lights flashed as the others came pouring out of the cemetery pell-mell, like men possessed (Dracula's Guest by Bram Stoker).

6. “Safe, safe, safe,” the heart of the house beats proudly. “Long years” – he sighs. “Again you found me.” “Here,” she murmurs, “sleeping; in the garden reading; laughing, rolling apples in the loft. Here we left our treasure” – Stooping, their light lifts the lids upon my eyes. “Safe! safe! safe!” the pulse of the house beats wildly. Waking, I cry “Oh, is this your buried treasure? The light in the heart” (A Haunted House by Virginia Woolf).

Move

1. Endeavouring to orient himself, as a surveyor or navigator might say, the man moved his eyes slowly along its visible length and at a distance of a quarter-mile to the south of his station saw, dim and grey in the haze, a group of horsemen riding to the north (Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

2. Susan moved her lips. No sound came (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

3. Behind them were men afoot, marching in column, with dimly gleaming rifles aslant above their shoulders. They moved slowly and in silence (Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

4. If I had heard footsteps behind me, I could not have turned round; if a means of escape had been miraculously provided for me, I could not have moved to take advantage of it (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

5. Besides locking and bolting my door, I had moved an old wooden chest against it, which I had found under the bed (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

6. Professor, with all the principal members of his gang, will be in the hands of the police. Then will come the greatest criminal trial of the century, the clearing up of over forty mysteries, and the rope for all of them; but if we move at all prematurely, you understand, they may slip out of our hands even at the last moment (The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. The Final Problem by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

7. We saw the other two: a boy and a girl, as the driver said. They were dressed exactly alike, in shapeless garments with petticoat-like skirts. The imperfect thing that lived within them moved those beings to howl at us from the top of the bank, where they sprawled amongst the tough stalks of furze (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

8. The feeble old fellow seemed to suspect that there was something wrong with his grandsons. Only once, moved either by affection or by the sense of proprieties, he attempted to nurse the youngest (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

9. "I`d beg him not to go sometimes," she said, "or at least to wait till the weather was more settled, but he`d never listen. He`s obstinate, and when he`s once made up his mind, nothing can move him" (Rain by W. Somerset Maugham).

10. Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere, and give him fair notice that if I find him on my new premises I will then proceed against him as a common trespasser (Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville).

Exercise 3. Give at least 5 examples of polysemantic words. Illustrate their different meanings by the sentences of your own.

Exercise 4. Are the following groups of words A) absolute homonyms? B) homophones? C) homographs? State whether they are full or partial homonyms.

Exercise 5. Give definitions to the following homophones. Make sure you pronounce them correctly. Use 15 of them in the sentences of your own.

complementary – complimentary complacence – complaisance

Exercise 6. Give definitions to the italicized words. Pay special attention to the English and Ukrainian meanings of heterologues.

1. Normally, price disparities like these are quickly exploited by arbitrage traders who buy goods in the cheap market and sell them in the expensive one.

2. The 729-foot cascading cataract at Amicalola Falls State Park is the highest in the eastern United States.

3. The codex dodged extinction, abiding in safe collections or languishing in parlous circumstances.

4. And in this inferno the gallant Major had captured a horse, and rallied the remains of his shattered command.

5. They moved there in 1965 to take on the joint roles of warden and matron at the then residential and day training centre for the mentally handicapped.

6. Chocolate and Toffee Assortment includes Orange Creme, Coconut Dessert, Chocolate Caramel and Macaroon.

7. It enjoys a reputation as a one-stop wedding destination with an outdoor chapel and an in-house minister.

8. There seem to be three broad influences at work here: a partisan influence, which was the most powerful and consistent, plus information-based and propaganda-based influences.

9. The idea that mankind is too profane to interfere in natural processes has already gained enough acceptance to affect global policy making.

10. Many people within the trade union movement took part in a massive rally in London to call on the government to review its policy.

11. The infant can not give a receipt which executors, administrators or trustees can safely take.

12. The exhibition includes displays of original and replica armour, together with military uniforms and hand weapons of the time.

13. My mother's fingers moved from her rosary to the silk sash at her waist. Her voice remained level.

14. Wind and snow had smeared the makeup around her eyes, the talon streaks of some huge bird.

15. Toss tomatoes, 2 tablespoons red wine vinaigrette, and teaspoon salt in a medium bowl. Lower grill temperature to medium.

16. Ensure that air can move freely through the compressor-condenser by using a shop vacuum to remove grass clippings, leaves, dryer lint and any dust discharged.

17. The authors reported a statistically significant improvement in academic performance for students who participated 30 days or more in the after-school programs.

18. A student should go beyond memorizing to demonstrate understanding by an accurate explanation.

19. Wash it: Hand-wash in a tub, or use a front-loader; the agitator in a top-loader can tear baffles. Always opt for the gentle cycle with cold water.

20. I'd better not drink any more! That’s Warninks. Or advocaat you like? Yeah. I do like that.

Exercise 7. Give the definitions to the following words. Use them in the sentences of your own so that their meaning is clear.

Accent, accord, alley, ammunition, anecdotal, angina, approbate, aspirant, Astrakhan, babushka, barrack (verb), baton, biscuit, cabinet, carcass, champion (verb), complexion, compositor, concrete (noun), cutlet, deputy, director, directory, Dutch, extravagance, fabric, gazette, gymnasium, insult, integral, intelligence, invalid, java.

Exercise 8. Give definitions to the following words. Note their Ukrainian heterologues. Use them in the sentences of your own so that their meaning is clear.

Lily of the valley, liquidize, lyrics, magazine, marshal, matrass, mayor, mezzanine, militia, monitor, multiplication, officer, official, original, palm, parole, pasta, physician, preservative, pretend, principal, rationalize, realize, record, resin, satin, saucer, solid, speculation, sympathetic, tank, technique, terminus, urbane, valet, velvet, venerable, virtuous.

Exercise 9. Insert the following paronyms into the sentences.

1. Avenge / revenge

He (a) ______________the murder by taking vengeance on the killer.

If you seek (b) ______________ in the pursuit of justice you want to (c) ______________ wrongs: not (d) ______________them.

2. Aesthetic / ascetic

“(a) ______________” has to do with beauty, whereas “(b) ______________” has to do with avoiding pleasure, including presumably the pleasure of looking at beautiful things. St. Francis had an (c) ______________ attitude toward life, whereas Oscar Wilde had an (d)______________ attitude toward life.

3. Discrete /discreet

The more common word is “(a) ______________,” meaning “prudent, circumspect”: “When arranging the party for Agnes, be sure to be (b) ______________; we want her to be surprised.” “(c) ______________” means “separate, distinct”: “He arranged the guest list into two (d) ______________ groups: meat-eaters and vegetarians.”

4. Exult / exalt

When you celebrate joyfully, you (a) ______________. When you raise something high (even if only in your opinion), you (b) ______________ it.

5. Device / devise

“(a) ______________” is a noun. A can-opener is a (b) ______________. “ (c) ______________” is a verb. You can (d) ______________ a plan for opening a can with a sharp rock instead.

6. Lightening / lightning

Those bright flashes in the storm clouds are simply “(a) ______________.” “(b) ______________” has a quite different meaning in modern English: making lighter, as in (c) ______________ your load or (d) ______________ the color of your hair.

7. Mantle / mantel

Though they stem from the same word, a “(a) ______________” today is usually a cloak, while the shelf over a fireplace is most often spelled “(b) ______________.”

8. Historic / historical

The meaning of “(a) ______________” has been narrowed down to “famous in history.” One should not call a building, site, district, or event “(b) ______________.” Sites may be of (c) ______________ interest if historians are interested in them, but not just because they are old. In America “(d) ______________” is grossly overused as a synonym for “older than my father’s day.”

9. Fowl / foul

A chicken is a (a) ______________. A poke in the eye is a (b) ______________.

10. Ceremonial / ceremonious

If you are talking about the performance of a ceremony, the word you will usually want is “(a) ______________” as in “(b) ______________dance.” Sikhs traditionally wear (c) ______________ daggers. “(d) ______________” is mostly used to describe formal behavior which often has little or no connection with a literal ceremony: “(e) ______________ manners,” “(f) ______________ welcome,” or “(g) ______________ speech.”

11. Premier / premiere

These words are, respectively, the masculine and feminine forms of the word for “first” in French; but they have become differentiated in English. Only the masculine form is used as an adjective, as in “Tidy-Pool is the (a) ______________ pool-cleaning firm in Orange County.” The confusion arises when these words are used as nouns. The prime minister of a parliamentary government is known as a “(b) ______________.” The opening night of a film or play is its “(c) ______________.” “(d) ______________” as a verb is common in the arts and in show business (“the show (e) ______________ on PBS”), but it is less acceptable in other contexts ("the state government (f) ______________ its new welfare system”). Use “introduced,” or, if real innovation is involved, “pioneered.”

12. Revue / review

You can attend a musical (a) ______________ in a theatre, but when you write up your reactions for a newspaper, you’re writing a (b) ______________.

Exercise 10. Think of 10 pairs of paronyms other than in Exercise 9. Use them in the sentences of your own so that their meaning is clear.

Exercise 11. Insert the words into the sentences correctly:

1. Wreath / wreathe

1. President Obama will be laying a __________ there later today. And across the country, there are parades and ceremonies.

2. The quarry I hunted today could make my career, __________ me in glory. But I couldn't make the collar here.

2. Venal / venial

1. Mr. Fazlullah says he joined the insurgency after disappointment at a __________ government and the lack of economic progress in his area.

2. I could risk __________ sin for the sake of my baby, I told myself.

3. Turbid / turgid

1. Village streets carried slow, __________ crowds of sightseers, especially MacDougal Street, the main drag between Eighth and Bleecker.

2. Newly formed lakes are initially __________ from glacial silts and clays, but quickly clear as ice retreats from the catchment.

4. Titillate / titivate

1. Now, I don't watch anything that uses violence to shock or __________ its audience or enrich its cynical producers at the expense of human decency.

2. Well perhaps, is there anything he can __________ in that flat?

5. Stationary / stationery

1. And the unused __________ was stacked in a general office for use by lowly clerks.

2. We quickly sought assurance that the aircraft would remain __________ long enough for us to get off.

6. Proscribe / prescribe

1. Doctors are now increasingly reluctant to __________ tranquillisers for fear of being sued by patients who become addicted to them.

2. They are generally seen as anti-competitive and necessitating legislation to __________ them, since they almost invariably create the detrimental effects of monopoly.

7. Perquisite / prerequisite

1. Improved economic performance is, on the contrary, a __________ to the solution of the problems we and they face.

2. To him an important embassy was a __________ of birth rather than the culmination of years of painstaking effort.

8. Marital / martial

1. We knew they were having __________ difficulties, but Jane wouldn't tell anyone why she wanted a divorce.

2. There was revolt in Catalonia, with __________ law declared throughout Spain and street-battles in Madrid.

9. Luxuriant / luxurious

1. She and Luc share a __________ flat just a stone's throw from the famous Hollywood sign.

2. A tall, haughty man with __________ black whiskers and beard, he wore a formal uniform of horizon blue.

10. Hoard / horde

1. The finds from this interesting __________ are basically Celtic and include, above the club and the figure of Taranis.

2. He was just about to be attacked by a __________ of anxious faces when he felt himself being gently shaken.

11. Loath / loathe

1. He has bought me a drink. How I __________ that expression. At home we say: "Would you like a beer?”

2. Having made up the fire I knelt on the hearthrug, __________ to leave the fierce heat of the flames.

12. Envelop / envelope

1. It had been used to stiffen an __________ posted from the Palace which contained photographs of other members of the Royal Family.

2. The warmth from him seemed to __________ her, like the comforting heat of the sun.

Exercise 12. Do the multiple choice task. One or more synonyms may fit each sentence.

1. The democratic process, free speech, the ability of people to peacefully _____________, all those are universal values and need to be respected.

A) disagree B ) differ C) dissent D) take issue

2. It could be something magically _____________ such as Givenchy's ethereal organza blouse, or Marc Jacobs's delicately sprigged obi-belted dresses.

1. capricious B) impulsive C) whimsical

3. And her immediate priority will be helping her daughters adjust and not get too _______________ because their daddy is president.

1. proud B) arrogant C) vainglorious D) bigheaded

4. Out of the corner of my eye, I'd catch some young guy ___________ his arms out and skate with exaggerated flair.

1. discard B) fling C) toss out D) cast aside

5. Dickens watched a man ____________ towards him, arms outstretched as if for a welcoming hug.

1. stagger B) reel C) lurch D) swag

6. Agatha Strangelove was a dancer at the opera house. She had __________ blond curls and ringlets, a pouting rosebud mouth, a figure that was overgenerous.

1. tasty B) dainty C) yummy D) luscious

7. In the silence, Don let his _____________ eyes meet Joel in the center of the hallway, confirming the warning was duly performed.

1. egregious B) flagrant C) glaring D) gross

8. Encourage the continued effort needed to become computer literate and be motivated to ______________ up-to-date. Bear in mind that some adults are inclined to give up following failure

1. stay B) remain C) rest D) continue

9. Like about 70 percent of their compatriots, they build their homes near a river, plant crops in the fertile floodplain, and ___________ cattle in the nearby savanna.

1. crop B) graze C) pasture D) grass

10. Bend the shoe to _____________ walking and see if the leather is still wrinkled after it has returned to the flat position.

1. imitate B) copy C) simulate D) replicate

11. Our third aim was to _________________ the hypothesis that bacterial counts on surfaces increase significantly across the working day.

1. test B) prove C) try out D) examine

12. " And I said to them,' Think of the children!' The ______________ removal of a parent from a child's life is traumatic.

1. abrupt B) sudden C) jerky D) emergent

Exercise 13. Give definitions to the synonyms below. Insert each of the synonyms into the gapped sentences. Give grounds to your choice.

unusual strange weird unexpected funny peculiar bizarre curious odd incongruous uncanny extraordinary

1. The older man smelled of sandalwood and the ___________ thin scent of clean train cars.

2. The entire mountainside, brilliant and ____________, looked severely freezer-burned.

3. It wasn't _____________ to walk through the mall and see teammates at Foot Locker buying cleats.

4. I liked the challenge of finding those ____________ little things that make a room come alive.

5. He was a basketball star and a folk hero, a homegrown kid with a(n)__________ name, a bowl haircut, a 6-foot-11 frame covered in tattoos.

6. You might want to create experiments with heated air in the classroom to create these ____________ displays and get kids interested in the playful wonders of the open air.

7. I should have known Pandora would pick a profession suited to her rather ___________ mentality.

8. His chest was tight, and he was experiencing a __________ panicky sensation. It was as if those threatening clouds were alive and stalking him.

9. For a big man, Galen himself moved with __________ silence, but that wasn't the trait she was interested in right now.

10. In 1965, Congress passed an ___________ law with scarcely any public debate--the Immigration and Naturalization Act--which eventually created sweeping demographic changes.

11. But some vitamin studies have also shown ___________ harm, like higher lung cancer rates in two studies of beta carotene use.

12. She looked at him blankly. There was something _________ about the sight of him on this property. He didn't seem to belong here.

Exercise 14.Group the italicized words into three synonymic fields around the following central field members.

make sure, create, found, secure, ground, maturity, set down, insure, provide, settle, participation, stabilize, assure, make certain, warrant, empiricism, existence, evidence, reality, safeguard, confirm, authorize, nail down, okay,enact, endow, involvement,originate, lay foundation, wisdom, background, practice, arrange, inculcate.

Exercise 15.Find antonyms to the italicized words. There are 3 words in –ful that do not have antonyms. What is the meaning of the suffix in these cases? Translate the sentences into Ukrinian.

1. Her hair has now become an embodiment of herself – another beautiful woman with a pathetic fate.

2. I know coffee can make you more wakeful, maybe even more cheerful.

3. The twenty year period has been particularly changeful in Scotland, encompassing the discovery of oil, recession, and some other events.

4. There are plenty of examples in English criminal law of crimes which appear to include harmful consequences as a definitional element irrespective of any actual state of mind referable thereto.

5. We're also very hopeful that we will have some extra support and assistance in this field at NC.

6. Vernon returned to Mount Carmel with his young wife and a handful of followers, the undisputed leader of the sect.

7. The flower peeked out of the fidelia like a bashful woman. Its petals were silver, the leaves around it a faint veiny green.

8. A sprinkle of sugar and a dollop of whipped cream can turn a humble bowlful of berries into a dessert fit for royalty.

9. Did I mention already that Natalie, my mockingbird pal, is as sharp as a pocketful of pins (but without the annoying tendency to stick into your fingers)?

10. . Khalid was there, dark-skinned and tearful, leaning his head against the wall. He talked to Alia about health insurance.

11. I have so much for which to be grateful. I'm alive and cancer-free. I'm married to a man I adore.

Exercise 16. Do the words with the suffixes –ful and –less always mean the opposite of each other? Give examples when they do not.

Exercise 17. Group the following words into the pairs of antonyms. State the types of antonyms. Use them in the sentences of your own.

Pretty	Joy
Serious	Sunny
Sense	Customer
Sober	Trivial
Sour	Simple
Scatter	Second-hand
New	Ugly
Wisdom	Speaker
Sorrow	Sow
Cloudy	Folly
Rough	Slow
Complicated	Collect
Rapid	Liquid
Reap	Drunk
Plural	Pliable
Slim	Nonsense
Solid	Stout
Listener	Sweet
Shopkeeper	Singular
Rigid	Smooth

Exercise 18.Find in the dictionary as many hyponyms as possible to the following hypernyms:

Boat	Shoes	Drink
Car	Bag	Bird
Jewel	Furniture	Motion
Herb	Tree	Feeling

Exercise 19.What is the hyponym to each of the following word groups? Find more members for each of the groups.

Scarlet, crimson, vermillion, lilac, rose, aqua, turquoise, purple, alizarin, amaranth, amber, brass, camel, charcoal, chestnut, dandelion.

1. Akita, Dachshund, Collie, Papillon, Pekingese, Otterhound, Dalmatian, Plott, Pointer, Poodle, Pug, Beagle, Samoyed, Borzoi, Boxer.

2. Alewife, barbel, carp, cod, dottyback, flagfin, ghoul, limia, mullet, pearleye, perch, pickerel, poacher, ray.

3. Castle, dogtrot, gambrel, igloo, izba, mansion, mudhif, patio, shack, Tudor, villa, bedsit, loft.

4. Armchair, stool, bench, deckchair, glider, ottoman, recliner, sgabello, steno, throne, zaisu, caquetoire, fauteuil, stroller, X-chair.

Exercise 20. Write an abstract using as many words from Exercise 19 as possible.

Exercise 21.Find in the dictionary as many meronyms as possible to the following holonyms:

Horse	Computer	Trousers
Kindergarten	Pram	Book
Kitchen	Parrot	Bed
Chair	Blouse	Church

Exercise 22. Use the words from Exercise 21 in 25 sentences of your own.

Exercise 23. What is the meaning of the suffix –er in the italicized words? Group the words according to the suffix meaning. Analyse the motivation of the nouns derived with help of –er.

1. A few days before the surrender at Appomattox a thunderous engagement between the commands of Sheridan and Pickett was unknown to the latter commander, a mile in the rear of his own line (A Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

2. The doctor nodded civilly, half thinking that the stranger's uncommon greeting was perhaps in deference to the historic surroundings (A Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

3. The physician regarded his questioner curiously with half-shut eyes (A Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

4. 'Why, really,' said the physician, with an amusing consciousness of his own resemblance to the loquacious barber of the Arabian Nights (A Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

5. When we got upstairs, and had left our hats and sticks with the doorkeeper, we were admitted into the chief gambling-room (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

6. The thin, haggard, long-haired young man, whose sunken eyes fiercely watched the turning up of the cards, never spoke; the flabby, fat-faced, pimply player, who pricked his piece of pasteboard perseveringly (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

7. I had played at it in every city in Europe, without, however, the care or the wish to study the Theory of Chances — that philosopher's stone of all gamblers! (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

8. Now, this is what you must do – send for a cabriolet when you feel quite well again – draw up all the windows when you get into it – and tell the driver to take you home only through the large and well-lighted thoroughfares (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

9. I succeeded in doing it silently – in doing it with all the dexterity of a house-breaker – and then looked down into the street (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

10. I had always been accustomed, by the practice of gymnastics, to keep up my school-boy powers as a daring and expert climber; and knew that my head, hands, and feet would serve me faithfully in any hazards of ascent or descent (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

11. Do I know how many of those men entered the same gambling-house that you entered? Won as you won? Took that bed as you took it? Slept in it? Were smothered in it? And were privately thrown into the river, with a letter of explanation written by the murderers and placed in their pocket-books? (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

12. I was examined and re-examined; the gambling-house was strictly searched all through from top to bottom; the prisoners were separately interrogated; and two of the less guilty among them made a confession (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

13. My adventure was dramatized by three illustrious play-makers, but never saw theatrical daylight; for the censorship forbade the introduction on the stage of a correct copy of the gambling-house bedstead (The Traveller's Story Of A Terribly Strange Bed by Wilkie Collins).

14. There's four of them--children of a farmer near Ploumar here. . . (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

15. Once he spoke to his son, alluding to the newcomers with a groan: "They will quarrel over the land" (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

16. He finished his meal, and remained idly thrown back in his chair, his eyes lost amongst the black rafters of the ceiling (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

17. For years past I have continually been conscious of some power behind the malefactor, some deep organizing power which forever stands in the way of the law, and throws its shield over the wrongdoer (The Final Problem (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

Exercise 24. Fill in the gaps following the examples. In some cases not all forms are possible.

Exercise 25. Observe the meanings of the nouns in –ery. Which groups can they be classified into according to the suffix meaning? Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. You wicked woman – you disgrace me. But there! You always resembled your father. What do you think will become of you . . . in the other world? In this . . . Oh misery! (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

2. He subtly used all the manners of the most unconquerable kind of snobbery (The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky by Stephen Crane).

3. I might have been inclined, myself, to regard a coffin-nail as the deadest piece of ironmongery in the trade (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

4. The Phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached. When it came near him, Scrooge bent down upon his knee; for in the very air through which this Spirit moved it seemed to scatter gloom and mystery (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

5. Shall be glad if you will come with me. Air and scenery perfect. Leave Paddington by the 11:15 (The Boscombe Valley Mystery (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

6. There is no lane so vile that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard's blow, does not beget sympathy and indignation among the neighbors, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a word of complaint can set it going, and there is but a step between the crime and the dock (The Copper Beeches (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

7. They are a most unpleasant couple, but fortunately I spend most of my time in the nursery and my own room, which are next to each other in one corner of the building (The Copper Beeches (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

8. The swiftest surgery is the least painful. Let me first say what will ease your mind (The Sussex Vampire (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

9. Again and again in cases of the most varying sorts—forgery cases, robberies, murders—I have felt the presence of this force, and I have deduced its action in many of those undiscovered crimes in which I have not been personally consulted (The Final Problem (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

10. You know the yew thicket in the shrubbery: well, a year or two back we were cleaning out the old well that used to be in the clearing here, and what do you suppose we found? (A School Story by M. R. James).

11. She so wanted to be first in something, and she did not succeed, even in making sketches for drapery advertisements (The Rocking Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence).

12. He admired the effrontery with which she bargained. He was the sort of man who always paid what he was asked (The Rocking Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence).

13. We had to make it a sin, not only to commit adultery and to lie and thieve, but to expose their bodies, and to dance and not to come to church (Rain by W. Somerset Maugham).

14. And on their way home they met her strolling towards the quay. She had all her finery on. Her great white hat with its vulgar, showy flowers was an affront (Rain by W. Somerset Maugham).

15. Each of these passages has faults of its own, but quite apart from avoidable ugliness, two qualities are common to all of them. The first is staleness of imagery; the other is lack of precision (Politics and the English Language by George Orwell).

16. "Who dares" – he demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him – "who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery? Seize him and unmask him – that we may know whom we have to hang, at sunrise, from the battlements!" (The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe).

17. Upon my recovery, too, I felt very – oh, inexpressibly sick and weak, as if through long inanition (The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe).

18. These, it was hoped, might furnish a clew to the discovery of one at least among the murderous band (The Avenger by Thomas de Quincey).

19. In fact, the military service of Christendom, for the last ten years, had been anything but a parade service; and to those, therefore, who were familiar with every form of horrid butchery, the mere outside horrors of death had lost much of their terror (The Avenger by Thomas de Quincey).

20. Incautiously, however, something of this transpired, and the result was doubly unfortunate; for, while his intentions were thus made known as finally pointing to England, which of itself made him an object of hatred and suspicion, it also diminished his means of bribery (The Avenger by Thomas de Quincey).

Exercise 26. Using the dictionary find more examples of nouns in -ery. Use 15 of them in the sentences of your own.

Exercise 27. Observe how J.K Roaling uses adjectives in –ish in her Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows¹⁴. How does the suffix –ish modify the meaning of the stem? Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the translation of the adjectives in –ish.

1. Lucius Malfoy looked up. His skin appeared yellowish and waxy in the firelight, and his eyes were sunken and shadowed.

2. I had contracted dragon pox shortly before arriving at school, and while I was no longer contagious, my pock‑marked visage and greenish hue did not encourage many to approach me.

3. They were not alike: Aberforth was never bookish and, unlike Albus, preferred to settle arguments by dueling rather than through reasoned discussion.

4. Fleur walked over to stand beside him, giving him a soppy, slavish look that Harry hoped with all his heart would never appear on his face again.

5. Ron looked half resentful, half sheepish; he rocked backward and forward on his feet for a moment, then said, “Right then, well, that’s… yeah.”

6. “Well, as long as it doesn’t get them into trouble, though they might’ve been arrested already. God, that’s revolting,” Ron added after one sip of the foamy, grayish coffee.

7. It seemed most unlikely that Umbridge would keep her jewelry in her office, but on the other hand it seemed foolish not to search it to make sure.

8. The man’s scowling, slightly brutish face was somehow at odds with his magnificent, sweeping robes, which were embroidered with much gold thread.

9. As he passed gleaming wooden door after gleaming wooden door, each bearing a small plaque with the owner’s name and occupation upon it, the might of the Ministry, its complexity, its impenetrability, seemed to force itself upon him so that the plan he had been carefully concocting with Ron and Hermione over the past four weeks seemed laughably childish.

10. Umbridge laughed a soft girlish laugh that made Harry want to attack her.

11. The moment his eyes fell upon Ron, all other concerns fled Harry’s mind, for blood drenched the whole of Ron’s left side and his face stood out, grayish‑white, against the leaf‑strewn earth.

12. They could not count on elfish Apparition being free from the same flaw that had taken Yaxley to Grimmauld Place on the hem of Hermione’s sleeve.

13. Harry could still see the blond‑haired youth’s face; it was merry, wild; there was a Fred and George‑ish air of triumphant trickery about him.

14. It had been a nightmarish experience, seeing the Dementors gliding out of the must in the distance and realizing, as the paralyzing cold choked his lungs and a distant screaming filled his ears, that he was not going to be able to protect himself.

15. They did not dare remain in any area too long, so rather than staying in the south of England, where a hard ground frost was the worst of their worries, they continued to meander up and down the country, braving a mountainside, where sleet pounded the tent; a wide, flat marsh, where the tent was flooded with chill water; and a tiny island in the middle of a Scottish loch, where snow half buried the tent in the night.

16. Even her ability to sense them suggested some Dumbledore‑ish power that he had never encountered before.

17. Harry looked around, holding Hermione’s wand high, and saw the place: a flattish rock lying in the shadow of a sycamore tree.

18. “It was a ball of light, kind of pulsing, and bluish, like that light you get around a Portkey, you know?”

19. “The Crumple Horned Snorkack” said Xenophilius very clearly, a mulish look upon his face, “is a shy and highly magical creature, and it’s horn–”

20. He had forgotten all about her in his feverish contemplation of the Hallows.

21. Bill raised his wand, and the pile of earth beside the grave rose up into the air and fell neatly upon it, a small, reddish mound.

22. I didn’t mean that,” said Harry, whose brain felt sluggish with exhaustion and from the surfeit of food and wine. “It’s… he left me a job.”

Exercise 28. Observe the use of the adjectives with the suffix –able in the following sentences. What are the general meanings of the suffix?¹⁵

1. The dwindling of the purebloods is, says Professor Burbage, a most desirable circumstance…

2. The locket was accorded this place of honor not because it was valuable – in all usual senses it was worthless–but because of what it had cost to attain it.

3. He not only won every prize of note that the school offered, he was soon in regular correspondence with the most notable magical names of the day.

4. Being continually outshone was an occupational hazard of being his friend and cannot have been any more pleasurable as a brother.

5. Dumbledore’s innumerable contributions to the store of Wizarding knowledge, including his discovery of the twelve uses of dragon’s blood, will benefit generations to come.

6. Never once had he imagined Dumbledore’s childhood or youth; it was as though he had sprung into being as Harry had known him, venerable and silver‑haired and old.

7. No, they had always discussed Harry, Harry’s past, Harry’s future, Harry’s plans… and it seemed to Harry now, despite the fact that his future was so dangerous and so uncertain, that he had missed irreplaceable opportunities when he had failed to ask Dumbledore more about himself, even though the only personal question he had ever asked his headmaster was also the only one he suspected that Dumbledore had not answered honestly.

8. He’s made it an imprisonable offense to connect this house to the Floo Network, place a Portkey here, or Apparate in or out.

9. I’m still not sure that was advisable and it’s certainly only to be used in emergencies.

10. With an unmistakable bellowing roar, dragon fire burst from the exhaust, white‑hot and blue, and the motorbike shot forward like a bullet with a sound of wrenching metal.

11. The sidecar rose like a cork, unsteerable but at least still airborne.

12. And into his mind burst the vision of an emaciated old man lying in rags upon a stone floor, screaming, a horrible drawn‑out scream, a scream of unendurable agony…

13. His parents’ graves were only part of the attraction: He had a strong, though inexplicable, feeling that the place held answers for him.

14. But there was no time to discuss the matter; a second later, Mr. Weasley had appeared out of thin air at the gate, accompanied by Rufus Scrimgeour, instantly recognizable by his mane of grizzled hair.

15. The Decree for Justifiable Confiscation gives the Ministry the power to confiscate the contents of a will.

16. “According to reliable historical sources, the sword may present itself to any worthy Gryffindor,” said Scrimgeour.

17. “If that is so, it is even more dishonorable for Skeeter to have taken advantage of her,” said Doge, “and no reliance can be placed on anything Bathilda may have said!”

18. “Undetectable Extension Charm,” said Hermione. “Tricky, but I think I’ve done it okay; anyway, I managed to fit everything we need in here.”

19. He would have found Kreacher, with his snoutlike nose and bloodshot eyes, a distinctively unlovable object even if the elf had not betrayed Sirius to Voldemort.

20. This, then, was how Voldemort had tested the defenses surrounding the Horcrux, by borrowing a disposable creature, a house‑elf…

21. Restless and irritable, Ron had developed an annoying habit of playing with the Deluminator in his pocket.

22. “Polyjuice Potion… Invisibility Cloak… Decoy Detonators… You should each take a couple just in case… Puking Pastilles, Nosebleed Nougat, Extendable Ears…”

23. “Ah,” said Plum Thicknesse. “Has he been caught having contact with an Undesirable?”

24. They had discovered one Horcrux, but they had no means of destroying it: The others were as unattainable as they had ever been.

25. They had just eaten an unusually good meal: Hermione had been to a supermarket under the Invisibility Cloak (scrupulously dropping the money into an open till as she left), and Harry thought that she might be more persuadable than usual on a stomach full of spaghetti Bolognese and tinned pears.

26. Harry’s hand brushed the old Snitch through the mokeskin and for a moment he had to fight the temptation to pull it out and throw it away. Impenetrable, unhelpful, useless, like everything else Dumbledore had left behind…

27. How despicable does Albus Dumbledore appear, busy plotting his rise to power when he should have been mourning his mother and caring for his sister!

28. Dumbledore had at least taught Harry something about certain kinds of magic, of the incalculable power of certain acts.

29. Now they’ve put a Taboo on it, anyone who says it is trackable–quick‑and‑easy way to find Order members!

30. An unbeatable wand, Hermione, come on!

31. He saw concern and something less easily definable in Hermione’s expression.

32. If only they could rescue her, but Dementors in those numbers would be virtually unassailable.

33. The Order of the Phoenix informs us that her body showed unmistakable signs of injuries inflicted by Dark Magic.

34. “Nothing!” Ron called back, in a passable imitation of Wormtail’s wheezy voice. “All fine!”

35. And Voldemort’s fury broke: A burst of green light filled the prison room and the frail old body was lifted from its hard bed and then fell back, lifeless, and Voldemort returned to the window, his wrath barely controllable.

36. “That,” she said quietly, “is despicable. Ask for his help, then double‑cross him? And you wonder why goblins don’t like wizards, Ron?”

37. Yet the sword was their one, indispensable weapon against the Horcruxes.

38. And another memory darted through his mind, of the real Bellatrix Lestrange shrieking at him when he had first tried to use an Unforgivable Curse: “You need to mean them, Potter!”

39. The stairs opened into a sitting room with a durable carpet and a small fireplace, above which hung a single large oil painting of a blonde girl who gazed out at the room with a kind of a vacant sweetness.

40. With a whiplike movement, Crabbe pointed his wand at the fifty foot mountain of old furniture, of broken trunks, of old books and robes and unidentifiable junk, and shouted, “Descendo!”

41. Other teachers report that the boy is modest, likeable, and reasonably talented. Personally, I find him an engaging child.

42. People were dying and he seemed unstoppable, and I had to do what I could.

Exercise 29. State the word-building type of the italicized words. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian¹⁶.

1. As they drew nearer, however, his face shone through the gloom, hairless, snakelike, with slits for nostrils and gleaming red eyes whose pupils were vertical.

2. Dudley raised a large, hamlike hand to point at Harry.

3. Harry dropped the hair into the mudlike liquid.

4. “How do you feel, Georgie?” whispered Mrs. Weasley. George’s fingers groped for the side of his head. “Saintlike,” he murmured.

5. As he crossed the yard, the great skeletal thestral looked up, rustled its enormous batlike wings, then resumed its grazing.

6. Trumpetlike sounds from the back of the marquee told everyone that Hagrid had taken out one of his own tablecloth‑sized handkerchiefs.

7. “I like this song,” said Luna, swaying in time to the waltzlike tune, and a few seconds later she stood up and glided onto the dance floor, where she revolved on the spot, quite alone, eyes closed and waving her arms.

8. It seemed incredibly unlikely that Luna’s father was a supporter of the Dark Arts, and nobody else in the tent seemed to have recognized the triangular, finlike shape.

9. There was a large bed with a carved wooden headboard, a tall window obscured by long velvet curtains and a chandelier thickly coated in dust with candle scrubs still resting in its sockets, solid wax banging in frostlike drips.

10. He would have found Kreacher, with his snoutlike nose and bloodshot eyes, a distinctively unlovable object even if the elf had not betrayed Sirius to Voldemort.

11. The golden grilles slid apart again and Hermione gasped. Four people stood before them, two of them deep in conversation: a long‑haired wizard wearing magnificent robes of black and gold, and a squat, toadlike witch wearing a velvet bow in her short hair and clutching a clipboard to her chest.

12. And then he saw the door to number twelve, Grimmauld Place, with its serpent door knocker, but before he could draw breath, there was a scream and a flash of purple light: Hermione’s hand was suddenly vicelike upon his and everything went dark again.

13. And Harry was hurtling back out of those wide, tunnellike pupils and Gregorovitch’s face was stricken with terror.

14. Frozen air filled the room as Harry ducked to avoid another shower of broken glass and his foot slipped on a pencil‑like something–his wand–

15. The zigzagging path leading to the front door was overgrown with a variety of odd plants, including a bush covered in orange radishlike fruit Luna sometimes wore as earrings.

16. A little owl with a slightly flattened hawklike head peered down at them from one of the branches.

17. as he forced himself through the slit of a window like a snake and landed, lightly as vapor inside the cell‑like room.

18. He saw the ratlike man’s small watery eyes widen with fear and surprise.

19. He picked up one of the largest and laid it, pillowlike, over the place where Dobby’s head now rested.

20. The spiderlike hand swooped and pulled the wand from Dumbledore’s grasp, and as he took it, a shower of sparks flew from its tip, sparkling over the corpse of its last owner, ready to serve a new master at last.

21. They remained shut in the cupboardlike room for hours at a time.

22. The old goblin obeyed, pressing his palm to the wood, and the door of the vault melted away to reveal a cavelike opening crammed from floor to ceiling with golden coins and goblets, silver armor, the skins of strange creatures–some with long spines, other with drooping wings–potions in jeweled flasks, and a skull still wearing a crown.

23. Brass lamps hung from the walls and the earthy floor was worn and smooth; as they walked, their shadows rippled, fanlike, across the wall.

24. With a whiplike movement, Crabbe pointed his wand at the fifty foot mountain of old furniture, of broken trunks, of old books and robes and unidentifiable junk, and shouted, “Descendo!”

25. A bloodlike substance, dark and tarry, seemed to be leaking from the diadem.

26. Rounding the corner, Percy let out a bull‑like roar: “ROOKWOOD!” and sprinted off in the direction of a tall man, who was pursuing a couple of students.

27. He looked up: a giant stood before him, twenty feet high, its head hidden in shadow, nothing but its treelike, hairy shins illuminated by light from the castle doors.

28. His black hair was overlong and his clothes were so mismatched that it looked deliberate: too short jeans, a shabby, overlarge coat that might have belonged to a grown man, an odd smocklike shirt.

Exercise 30. Look at the italicized words. What meanings does the prefix over- have? Give antonyms to the italicized words where possible. Are the words with the same stems and the prefixes over> and under- always antonymous?

1. One summer night a man stood on a low hill overlooking a wide expanse of forest and field (Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

2. My cup of coffee had been drugged, and drugged too strongly. I had been saved from being smothered by having taken an overdose of some narcotic (Resumed Identity by Ambrose Bierce).

3. He had returned late from the market, where he had overheard (not for the first time) whispers behind his back (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

4. Under the high hanging shelves supporting great sides of bacon overhead, her body was busy by the great fireplace, attentive to the pot swinging on iron gallows, scrubbing the long table where the field hands would sit down directly to their evening meal (The Idiots by Joseph Conrad).

5. The water-plug being left in solitude, its overflowings suddenly congealed, and turned to misanthropic ice (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

6. Fowls clucked and strutted in the stables; and the coach- houses and sheds were overrun with grass (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

7. He was conscious of being exhausted, and overcome by an irresistible drowsiness; and, further, of being in his own bedroom (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

8. He was on his stool in a jiffy, driving away with his pen, as if he were trying to overtake nine o’clock (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

9. Her violet eyes shining, her lips parted, a pink flush upon her cheeks, all thought of her natural reserve lost in her overpowering excitement and concern (The Boscombe Valley Mystery (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

10. Why should you raise up hopes which you are bound to disappoint? I am not over-tender of heart, but I call it cruel (The Boscombe Valley Mystery (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

11. If that were true the murderer must have dropped some part of his dress, presumably his overcoat, in his flight, and must have had the hardihood to return and to carry it away at the instant when the son was kneeling with his back turned not a dozen paces off (The Boscombe Valley Mystery (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

12. It struck me that it might have been fastened by a mere oversight, so I took out my bunch of keys and tried to open it (The Copper Beeches (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

13. My overstrung nerves failed me suddenly, and I turned and ran—ran as though some dreadful hand were behind me clutching at the skirt of my dress (The Sussex Vampire (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

14. But his voice was just a little too coaxing. He overdid it. I was keenly on my guard against him (The Final Problem (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

15. Young Goodman Brown caught hold of a tree for support, being ready to sink down on the ground, faint and overburdened with the heavy sickness of his heart (Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne).

16. He again called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man's perplexities (Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving).

17. As he came near Corless's his former agitation began to overmaster him and he halted before the door in indecision (A Little Cloud by James Joyce).

18. His mother noticed how overwrought he was (The Rocking Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence).

19. He was the sort of man who always paid what he was asked. He preferred to be over-charged than to haggle (Rain by W. Somerset Maughan).

20. Half-past twelve o'clock came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his window in one of his profoundest dead-wall reveries (Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville).

Exercise 31. Observe different meanings of the prefix under- in the italicized words. Give antonyms where possible.

1. Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without heeding his idle talk, Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle of the room (Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville).

2. But a soft imprisoned turf grew underfoot (Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville).

3. The political dialects to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestoes, White Papers and the speeches of under-secretaries do, of course, vary from party to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh, vivid, home-made turn of speech (Politics and the English Language by George Orwell).

4. I besought them that I might undergo the punishment ten times over in her stead (The Avenger by Thomas de Quincey).

5. Contemptuous annoyance dominated her thoughts as she strolled slowly homeward, and then gave way to a sharp feeling of something that was very near fright; across a thick tangle of undergrowth a boy's face was scowling at her, brown and beautiful, with unutterably evil eyes (The Music on the Hill by Saki).

6. "Do you notice the horses?" he said in an undertone (The Valley of Spiders by H. G. Wells).

7. The blushes caused by the careless scrutiny of some passengers as she had entered the car were strange to see upon this plain, under-class countenance, which was drawn in placid, almost emotionless lines (The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky by Stephen Crane).

8. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

9. You may be an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato. There’s more of gravy than of grave about you, whatever you are! (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

10. To Scrooge’s horror, looking back, he saw the last of the land, a frightful range of rocks, behind them; and his ears were deafened by the thundering of water, as it rolled and roared, and raged among the dreadful caverns it had worn, and fiercely tried to undermine the earth (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens).

11. He cut deep, and yet I just undercut him (The Final Problem (Sherlock Holmes) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

12. The first fellow was a bit too active, but the second was caught by the under-gardener, and only got away after a struggle (The Adventure Of Charles Augustus Milverton by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).

Exercise 32. Give antonyms to the following adjectives using prefixes in (im, il, ir)- or un-

decent	predictable	deniable	respectable	replaceable
legal	restorable	moral	grateful	mature
friendly	reliable	rational	decipherable	obtainable
just	disturbed	faithful	logical	literate
forgiven	natural	reparable	reasonable	fortunate
yielding	deleted	deniable	mobile	mortal

Exercise 33. Build 15 compounds combining the words in the right and the left columns.

waist	shoe
eye	horse
tip	sight
horse	back
name	sake
neck	sport
ply	line
soy	line
hunch	bread
stage	fall
wrist	toe
rain	bean
ginger	wood
spoil	watch
race	coach

Exercise 34. Write an abstract using words from Exercise 33.

Exercise 35.Define the types of word-building used to form the italicized words. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian¹⁷.

1. Fred wolf‑whistled and there was an outbreak of giggling from the veela cousins.

2. Ron rugby‑tackled him and Mundungus hit the stone floor with a muffled crunch.

3. Kneeling down beside the trunk again, he groped around in the bottom and, after retrieving an old badge that flickered feebly between SUPPORT CEDRIC DIGGORY and POTTER STINKS, a cracked and worn‑out Sneakoscope, and a gold locket inside which a note signed R.A.B. had been hidden, he finally discovered the sharp edge that had done the damage.

4. He had merely glanced at the headline when he had taken the rolled‑up paper from the delivery owl early that morning and thrown it aside, after noting that it said nothing about Voldemort.

5. All right, all right, we’ll have time for a cozy catch‑up later.

6. And into his mind burst the vision of an emaciated old man lying in rags upon a stone floor, screaming, a horrible drawn‑out scream, a scream of unendurable agony

7. “You’re amazing, you are,” said Ron, handing her his bundled‑up robes.

8. He had pure‑white hair and a thick, bushy beard: a trussed‑up Father Christmas.

Exercise 36. Give a motivational analysis of the italicized nouns¹⁸:

1. Some, indeed, were disposed to praise his father’s action and assumed that Albus too was a Muggle‑hater.

2. The charm that detects magical activity around under‑seventeens, the way the Ministry finds out about underage magic!

3. “But hopefully it’ll look like I’ve gone away with Mum and Dad; a lot of Muggle‑borns are talking about going into hiding at the moment,” said Hermione.

4. Mr. Weasley had explained that after the death of Dumbledore, their Secret‑Keeper, each of the people to whom Dumbledore had confided Grimmauld Place’s location had become a Secret‑Keeper in turn.

5. Over her shoulder, Ron gave Harry the thumbs‑up and mouthed, ‘Good one’.

6. George was left to deal with the middle‑aged witches and Ron took charge of Mr. Weasley’s old Ministry‑colleague Perkins, while a rather deaf old couple fell to Harry’s lot.

7. “We should go and congratulate them!” said Hermione, standing on tiptoe to see the place where Bill and Fleur had vanished amid a crowd of well‑wishers.

8. A double‑decker bus rumbled by and a group of merry pub‑goers ogled them as they passed; Harry and Ron were still wearing dress robes.

9. Had it worked, Harry wondered, or had Snape already blasted the horror‑figure aside as casually as he had killed the real Dumbledore?

10. “Oh, it could still be here, but under counter‑enchantments,” said Hermione. “Charms to prevent it from being summoned magically, you know.”

11. “Master,” croaked Kreacher in his bullfrog’s voice, and he bowed low; muttering to his knees, “back in my Mistress’s old house with the blood‑traitor Weasley and the Mudblood–”

12. At this moment, excited eleven‑year‑olds would be poring over stacks of newly purchased spell‑books, unaware that they would never see Hogwarts, perhaps never see their families again either.

13. Fletcher knows how to avoid capture, has many hidey‑holes and accomplices. Nevertheless, Kreacher cornered the thief in the end.

14. Minister, if Mafalda can be spared for record‑keeping we shall be able to start straightaway.

15. The witch glanced toward the shining mahogany door facing the space full of pamphlet‑makers; Harry looked too, and the rage reared in him like a snake.

16. Couple of days later, once he’d got the say‑so from You‑Know‑Who, I imagine, he sent it down to London to be kept in Gringotts instead.

Exercise 37. Analyse the derivation models of the italicized adjectives. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian¹⁹.

1. The lane was bordered on the left by wild, low‑growing brambles, on the right by a high, neatly manicured hedge.

2. I have been careless, and so have been thwarted by luck and chance, those wreckers of all but the best‑laid plans.

3. His Muggle clothing, Invisibility Cloak, potion‑making kit, certain books, the photograph album Hagrid had once given him, a stack of letters, and his wand had been repacked into an old rucksack.

4. I had contracted dragon pox shortly before arriving at school, and while I was no longer contagious, my pock‑marked visage and greenish hue did not encourage many to approach me.

5. Scarcely a year previously, his father, Percival, had been convicted of a savage and well‑publicized attack upon three young Muggles.

6. Mundungus did not look particularly reassured, but Moody was already pulling half a dozen eggcup‑sized glasses from inside his cloak, which he handed out, before pouring a little Polyjuice Potion into each one.

7. “Good,” said Moody, as at last seven dressed, bespectacled, and luggage‑laden Harrys faced him. “The pairs will be as follows: Mundungus will be traveling with me, by broom–”

8. He knew a dreadful, gut‑wrenching pang for Hedwig as it exploded; the Death Eater nearest it was blasted off his broom and fell from sight; his companion fell back and vanished.

9. Pathetic! With the whole wide world of ear‑related humor before you, you go for holey?

10. “Ah well,” said George, grinning at his tear‑soaked mother. “You’ll be able to tell us apart now, anyway, Mum.”

11. Hagrid, who had sat down on the floor in the corner where he had most space, was dabbing at his eyes with his tablecloth‑sized handkerchief.

12. After two days of nonstop cutlery cleaning, of color‑matching favors, ribbons, and flowers, of de‑gnoming the garden and helping Mrs. Weasley cook vast batches of canapés, however, Harry started to suspect her of a different motive.

13. The silence was shattered as the bedroom door flew open with a wall‑shaking crash.

14. She was the only real thing in the world, Ginny, the feel of her, one hand at her back and one in her long, sweet‑smelling hair…

15. Ron marched downstairs, though the still‑crowded kitchen and into the yard, and Harry kept pace with him all the way, Hermione trotting along behind them looking scared.

16. Out of the way, out of the way!” sang Mrs. Weasley, coming through the gate with what appeared to be a giant, beach‑ball‑sized Snitch floating in front of her.

17. “’S’nothin’,” said Hagrid with a wave of a dustbin‑lid‑sized hand. “An’ there’s Charlie! Always liked him–hey! Charlie!”

18. The two newcomers marched across the yard toward the garden and the lantern‑lit table, where everybody sat in silence, watching them draw closer.

19. Harry looked around for a sign of the ruby‑encrusted hilt, but Scrimgeour did not pull the sword from the leather pouch, which in any case looked much too small to contain it.

20. You can all wear what you like, and I’ll put a full Body‑Bind Curse on Mum until it’s all over.

Exercise 38. Analyse the derivation models of the italicized adjectives²⁰:

1. There was a rustle somewhere to their right: Yaxley drew his wand again pointing it over his companion’s head, but the source of the noise proved to be nothing more than a pure‑white peacock, strutting majestically along the top of the hedge.

2. The eyes of the pale‑faced portraits on the wall followed Snape and Yaxley as they strode past.

3. It will, I think, be easy now that we have such a high‑ranking official under our control, to subjugate the others, and then they can all work together to bring Scrimgeour down.

4. “And you, Draco?” asked Voldemort, stroking the snake’s snout with his wand‑free hand.

5. It was a two‑inch‑long fragment of the enchanted mirror that his dead godfather, Sirius, had given him.

6. When Albus and I left Hogwarts we intended to take the then‑traditional tour of the world together, visiting and observing foreign wizards, before pursuing our separate careers.

7. I returned home to find a young man who had experienced a much older person’s suffering. Albus was more reserved than before, and much less light‑hearted.

8. Never once had he imagined Dumbledore’s childhood or youth; it was as though he had sprung into being as Harry had known him, venerable and silver‑haired and old.

9. Her nine‑hundred‑page book was completed in a mere four weeks after Dumbledore’s mysterious death in June.

10. And for a wizard who spent his later years pleading for tolerance, he wasn’t exactly broad‑minded when he was younger!

11. I’m afraid those who go dewy‑eyed over Dumbledore’s spectacular victory must brace themselves for a bombshell–or perhaps a Dungbomb.

12. They were dressed for packing; Uncle Vernon in a fawn zip‑up jacket, Aunt Petunia in a neat salmon‑colored coat, and Dudley, Harry’s large, blond, muscular cousin, in his leather jacket.

13. After opening his mouth once or twice more, Dudley subsided into scarlet‑faced silence.

14. Harry led them all back into the kitchen where, laughing and chattering, they settled on chairs, sat themselves upon Aunt Petunia’s gleaming work surfaces, or leaned up against her spotless appliances; Ron, long and lanky; Hermione, her bushy hair tied back in a long plait; Fred and George, grinning identically; Bill, badly scarred and long­haired; Mr. Weasley, kind‑faced, balding, his spectacles a little awry; Mad‑Eye, battle‑worn, one‑legged, his bright blue magical eye whizzing in its socket

15. For a moment the man was absurdly spread‑eagled in midair as though he had hit an invisible barrier

16. Harry knew that Hagrid did not dare use the dragon‑fire button again, with Harry seated so insecurely.

17. A fair‑haired, big‑bellied man was watching Harry anxiously.

18. Mr. Tonks was pointing to a small, silver‑backed hairbrush lying on the dressing table.

19. Ron sat up straight, wide‑eyed.

20. Gabrielle was Fleur in miniature; eleven years old, with waist‑length hair of pure, silvery blonde, she gave Mrs. Weasley a dazzling smile and hugged her, then threw Harry a glowing look, batting her eyelashes.

Exercise 39. Using the dictionary, interpret the following abbreviations:

BA, BEL, BESS, AFAIK, AGL, AOL, AST, ATV, CAF, CPA, DB, DBS, DINK, DIY, DOB, DST, ECB, ECHR, ECJ, ECommHR, EDT, EEC, EEG, EP, ETA, EU, GI, GMT, SALT, SIS.

Exercise 40. Find at least 20 new acronyms used in online communication. Be ready to explain their meaning.

Exercise 41. Group the following words according to their derivation types. Add at least 10 more examples to each group.

multi-skilling, DVD, etc., miniskirt, hyperactive, New Yorker, voice mail, outsider, predestination, PhD, downtown, cybercafe, i.e., helpdesk, e-commerce, e.g., high-class, evacuee, road rage, philanthropist.

Exercise 42. Write a short story using as many words from Exercise 41 as possible.

Exercise 43. Define derivation models of the following words. Explain their motivation.

1. babysit, donate, gamble, haze, moonlight, obsess, process, resurrect, sass, televise

2. to access, to bottle, to can, to closet, to email, to eye, to fiddle, to fool, to google, to host, to knife, to microwave, to name, to pocket, to salt, to shape, to ship, to spear, to torch, to verb

3. alert, attack, call, clone, command, cover, cry, experience, fear, feel, hope, increase, judge, laugh, rise, run, sleep, start, turn, visit

4. ad, gator, exam, gas, gym, flu, lab, math, memo, photo, pub, coon, rep, phone

5. advertainment, biopic, brunch, chortle, cyborg, guesstimate, hazmat, motel, prissy, simulcast, smog, Spanglish, spork, telethon, webinar

Exercise 44. Fill in the gaps in the collocations:

1) to _______ into laughter 2. to _______ witness to (something)

3. to _______ something too far 4. to _______ an eye over (something)

5. to _______ (one's) eye 6. to change one's _______

7. to _______ damage to 8. to _______ care of somebody / something

9. to _______ to somebody's rescue 10.to _______ a crime

11. to _______ (one's) attention to (something)

12. to _______ comparison 13. to _______ (someone) mad

14. to _______ a line to (someone) 15. to turn a deaf _______ to

16. to _______ somebody a favour 17. to look down _______ somebody

18. to _______ a living 19. to _______ to an end

20. to _______ an order 21. to _______ tricks on (someone)

22. to _______ the blame on (someone)

23. to _______ a visit to 24. to _______ a bad habit

25. to _______ an end to 26. to _______ between the lines

27. to ________ a blind eye to 28. to tackle a _______

29. to _______ the chance 30. to _______ track on

Exercise 45. Write an abstract using at least 10 collocations from Exercise 44.

Exercise 46. Identify the types of the following phraseologisms according to the degree of idiomaticity. Explain their meanings in your own words. Illustrate them by the sentences of your own.

1. To take the wind out of sb's sails

2. To be a dime a dozen

3. Dog days

4. To come back down to earth

5. To wear your heart on your sleeve

6. A sting in the tail

7. The calm before the storm

8. Any port in a storm

9. Leave no stone unturned

10. To win hands down

11. To keep one's nose to the grindstone

12. To live from hand to mouth

13. On the dot

14. To pay the piper

15. To pull an all-nighter

16. Rain or shine

17. To rub someone the wrong way

18. To shoot the breeze

19. To sleep on it

20. Someone's made his/her own bed; now let him/her lie in it

Exercise 47. Match the comparative idioms. Find their Ukrainian equivalents if possible.