Intonational (prosodic) basis.
Articulatory basis has 2 aspects:
the static aspect;
the dynamic aspect.
The static aspect is the position of the organs of speech provided a person does not speak (or when he is about to speak) and when an isolated sound is uttered. This position of the organs of speech is usually called ARTICULATOTY SETTING.
General tendencies of the articulatory setting of English:
The lips are spread and pressed tightly against the teeth.
The tip of the tongue is slightly curled back and is opposite the alveoli (but does not touch them!). So the tongue is drawn back from the teeth.
The middle and the back parts of the tongue are flattered and lowered (the back part in particular!).
The soft palate is raised, as in yawning. Such a position of the soft palate in combination with the lowered position of the back part of the tongue contributes to the increase of the mouth resonator.
General tendencies of the articulatory setting of Russian:
The lips are slightly rounded and with some speakers even protruded. The lips are not pressed against the teeth.
The tip of the tongue is put forward and touches the teeth.
The middle and the back parts of the tongue are slightly raised.
These differences in the articulatory settings of English & Russian are quite obvious, and Russian learners of English must be constantly aware of them when speaking English.
The dynamic aspect of the articulatory basis is the manner of transition from a consonant to a vowel or from a vowel to a consonant within a syllable or at the junction of syllables/words. This aspect also suggests the dynamics of the articulation of vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables.
For ex., the manner of transition from a consonant to a vowel may be characterized either as loose or as close. In different languages it is difficult. In English it is loose, while in Russian it is close. Cf.: “niece” (n + i : s) and “низ” (нис). Of in the English the first pretonic vowel has a high degree of reduction, while in Russian it has a very low degree of reduction. Cf.: “suppose” – “сапок”.
Prosodic basis suggests a number of the most typical prosodic (intonational) patterns as well as the rhythmical contour, most characteristic of the language under consideration.
It is common knowledge, for ex., that the complex falling-rising tone is quite frequent in English, but this tone can never be heard in Standard Russian Pronunciation.
- Different approaches to the problem of phoneme. The definition of phoneme
- The notions of phoneme and allophone. Functions of phoneme (7)
- The definition of intonation. Componentes of intonation. Structural and functional approaches to the problem of its components (28)
- Sentence accentuation
- The difference between rp and ga in the system of vowels and consonants (4)
- Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english consonants (10)
- 10. Практическая часть
- Territorial and social differences in the pronunciation of english in different countries (1)
- The notion of interference. Prerequisites for phonetic interference (segmental level) (12)
- Phonetic basis. Articulatory basis: static and dynamic approaches
- Intonational (prosodic) basis.
- Principal and subsidiary variants of english phonemes
- The definition of prosody. Functions of prosody (29)
- Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of english vowels (11)
- 11. Практическая часть
- The difference between rp and ga in the pronunctiation (word-stress, prosody (5)
- Social variations in english pronunciation. Social factors and phonetic markers
- Functions of intonation
- The orphoepic norm of english (rp) and its types
- Intonation and prosody. The correlation between these notions