Text 4.

ALCOHOL AND ADVERTISING

About 50 million pounds will be spent on advertising alcohol in the 61drinking days before Christmas. The main target will be the young.

The aim will be to convince them they are buying romance and sophistication when they buy a drink, an advertising conference in London was told yesterday.

Advertisements will carry the message that “tough men drink” and that alcohol goes hand in hand with “the good life, fun, freedom and winning”, Mr. Eric Clark, author and full-time researcher into the drinks advertising industry, said.

Advertisers denied that consumption and advertising were linked and insisted that advertisers aimed their work at brand names rather than quantity.

Britain spent 200 million pounds a year advertising alcohol and spends more on alcoholic drinks than on clothes or cars.

In the trade, British beer advertising is regarded as British advertising at its best. All the big names in the business are involved in it.

In spite of a 25 per cent increase in advertising since 1980, beer consumption has fallen 10 per cent. That means the industry is fighting to replace people who drink less, and is “targeting” the young.

Lager, introduced to Britain only in the 1950s, now takes 40 per cent of the beer market and is kept there by 60 million pounds in advertising a year.

Lady Masham, chairman of the Home Office working group on young people and alcohol, which called for a ban on alcohol advertising on television and in the cinema last year, said advertising was “undoubtedly influential in shaping attitudes”.

She said it was very subtle and played on the fact that “drink is so much a part of life”. She called for more education on the dangers of alcohol abuse.

TEXT 5.

MAORI

The Māori (pronounced Māori: [ˈmaːɔ.ɾi], or commonly [ˈmaʊɹi] by English speakers) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand (Aotearoa - The Long White Cloud). In the Māori language the word māori means "normal", "natural" or "ordinary". In legends and oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings—tāngata māori—from deities and spirits (wairua).

They arrived in New Zealand from eastern Polynesia in several waves at some time before 1300 CE. Over several centuries in isolation, the Māori developed a unique culture with their own language, a rich mythology, distinctive crafts and performing arts. They formed a tribal society based on Polynesian social customs and organisation. Horticulture flourished using plants they introduced, and after about 1450 a prominent warrior culture emerged.

The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand starting from the 17th century brought enormous change to the Māori way of life. Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture. Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable, and with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 the two cultures coexisted as part of a new British colony. However, rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s. Social upheaval, decades of conflict and epidemics of disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population. But by the start of the 20th century the Māori population had begun to recover, and efforts were made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society. A marked Māori cultural revival gathered pace in the 1960s and is continuing.

In 2010, there were an estimated 660,000 Māori in New Zealand, making up roughly 15% of the national population. They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders ("Pākehā"). In addition there are over 100,000 Māori living in Australia. The Māori language is spoken to some extent by about a quarter of all Māori, and 4% of the total population, although many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions in normal speech. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with distinct representation in areas such as media, politics and sport.

The Māori face significant economic and social obstacles, with lower life expectancies and incomes compared with other New Zealand ethnic groups, in addition to higher levels of crime, health problems and educational under-achievement. Socioeconomic initiatives have been implemented aimed at closing the gap between Māori and other New Zealanders.