Speech rhythm and utterance stress.Rhythm
An essential feature of connected speech is that the peaks of prominence - the stressed syllables - are inseparably connected with non-prominent syllables. The latter are attached to the stressed syllables, they never exist by themselves. The simplest example of a close relationship between the stressed and unstressed syllables is a polysyllabic word-utterance which is a phonetic and semantic entity incapable of division, e.g.:`Excellent. To`morrow. `Certainly.Thus an utterance is split into groups of syllables unified by a stressed syllable, i.e. stress-groups, each of which is a semantic unit - generally a word, often more than a word. An important feature of English pronunciation is that the prominent syllables in an utterance occur at approximately equal periods of time. It means more or less equal time for each of the stressed groups:I'd 'like to 'give you a 'piece of ad`vice. When the number of syllables in adjacent stress-groups is not equal, the speed of utterance will be the highest in the group having the largest number of syllables and, vice versa, the tempo is noticeably slower in a group having fewer syllables. Thus the perceptible isochrony of stress-groups is based on the speakers tending to minimize the differences in the length of stressed groups in an utterance.
Thus it has been shown that stress in English performs an important function of 'organizing' an utterance, providing the basis for its r h у t h m i с structure which is the realization of rhythm as a prosodic feature of speech.Rhythm is defined in different languages in largely the same terms. The notion of rhythm implies, first of all, a certain periodicity of phonological events. For an English utterance these events, as has been made clear, are the stressed syllables. Such a periodicity is a peculiarity of English. English speech is therefore often described as more 'rhythmic' than, for example, Russian.It follows that the units of the rhythmic organization of an utterance are stress-groups, which may be as well called rhythmic groups.The distribution of stresses in an utterance is also affected by the rhythmical laws of the English language. Due to the rhythmical organization of the utterance notional words may be unstressed, and form words, on the contrary, may be stressed. The semantic, grammatical and rhythmical factors are closely connected with one another, the semantic factor being the main one.
The RHYTHMIC tendency can be accounted for the presence in English of a great number of monosyllabic words, some of which are stressed (notional) words, others are not (form words). Such phenomenon has created the English rhythm, consisting of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables This tendency has caused the appearance in borrowed polysyllabic words of a secondary stress on the syllable separated from the word-final principal stress by an unstressed syllable. The words began to be pronounced in isolation on the model of short phrases in which a stressed syllable alternated with an unstressed one. Thus the word ‘RADICAL originally had a stress on the final syllable – RADI’CAL- but later it received the recessive stress on the initial syllable, while the final stress was still retained. The result of it was the typically English alternation of a stressed syllable with an unstressed one. For some time this and similar words had two stresses but gradually the word-final stress began to weaken and disappeared. Thus in tri-syllabic words there remained only one strong stress on the third syllable from the end of the word. The tendency to stress the third syllable from the end was extended to four-syllable words as well, and this stress is called RHYTHMICAL. Strictly speaking, the stress in such words as RADICAL, FAMILY, CINEMA, is rhythmical only in its origin, because in Modern English there is no alternation of a stressed syllable with an unstressed one in these words. The stress here is called HYSTORICALLY RHYTHMICAL In Modern English there is also GENINELY RHYTHMICAL stress. This is the secondary stress on the second PRETONIC syllable in words like PRO,NUNCI’ATION, E,XAMI’NATION, RE,LIA’BILITY, etc. There is also a RETENTIVE tendency which consists in the retention of the stress of the parent word in the derivatives. More commonly it is kept in the parent word as a secondary accent, e.g., ‘PERSON – ‘PERSONAL – ,PERSO’NALITY.
- 2.Articulatory classification of speech sounds.
- 5. Methods of the identification of phonemes in a language
- 10. Types of transcription
- 13. Rp as the standard english accent.
- 14. Pronunciatin varieties of british english
- The Scottish type of English Pronunciation
- 3) Peculiarities of ga intonation.
- Lingustically relevant degrees of word stress
- 17. The accentual tendencies in English. Basic word stress patterns in English
- 18. Speech prosody. Its perceptible qualities and acoustic properties. Meanings of prosody
- 19. Prosody and intonation. Utterance prosody and its linguistic functions.
- 2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group.
- 3. The phonological aspect of intonation.
- Functions of prosody
- 20. The components of utterance prosody and units of its analysis. Pitch
- 21. The tonal subsystem of utterance prosody and units of its analysis. Pitch
- 22. The structure of a prosodic contour (intonation group) in English. The functions of its elements. Supraphrasal unities
- Division of Utterances into Intonation-Groups
- 24. Utterance stress in English, its phonetic nature . And function. The relationship between utterance stress and word stress in English the stress pattern of english words. Tendencies
- Utterance stress
- Types of utterance stress. Factors conditioning the location of utterance stress. Utterance stress
- Speech rhythm and utterance stress.Rhythm
- 28.The phonetic nature and types of speech rhythm in different languages.
- 30. The notion of speech style. Phonetic style-forming means in English.